<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[RelaxMore.net]]></title><description><![CDATA[Van Tai Chi tot Polyvagaaltheorie. Waar oude wijsheid en moderne wetenschap elkaar ontmoeten.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png</url><title>RelaxMore.net</title><link>https://www.relaxmore.net</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 12:18:37 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.relaxmore.net/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé - Relax More]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[relaxmore@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[relaxmore@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[relaxmore@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[relaxmore@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Liggende aandachtige beweegoefeningen]]></title><description><![CDATA[Een tijdje geleden maakte ik deze opname in een mindfulnessgroep. In de derde les maken we een begin met mindful bewegen in de vorm van liggende yoga-oefeningen.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/liggende-aandachtige-beweegoefeningen</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/liggende-aandachtige-beweegoefeningen</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 07:09:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PYtq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PYtq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PYtq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PYtq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PYtq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PYtq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PYtq!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1200" height="800.2747252747253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:8746521,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/195663564?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PYtq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PYtq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PYtq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PYtq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c912217-576a-4bb7-a19f-ad88a8fcef57_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@grafiklink?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Hakim Menikh</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-white-cat-rests-on-a-patterned-surface-60_FbPn3RIw?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Een tijdje geleden maakte ik deze opname in een mindfulnessgroep. In de derde les (van 8) maken we een begin met mindful bewegen in de vorm van liggende yoga-oefeningen. De opname is best goed gelukt; de bijgeluiden van de groep zijn minimaal, nergens storend.</p><p>Lekker 34 minuten mindful bewegen!<br>Ik voeg ook de afbeelding bij uit het mindfulness werkboek, zodat je de houdingen die we &#8220;maken&#8221; kunt zien en hopelijk wat makkelijker mee kunt doen.</p><h3>Oefen met zachtheid!</h3>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/liggende-aandachtige-beweegoefeningen">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Polyvagal Theory Is Alive and Well]]></title><description><![CDATA[Polyvagal theory is not dead. It is the subject of an ongoing scientific debate, and that is precisely where it belongs.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagal-theory-is-alive-and-well</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagal-theory-is-alive-and-well</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 06:16:45 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg" width="1200" height="800.2747252747253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:4055779,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/194181218?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">De zon komt op! Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@richardpasquarellaphotography?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Richard Pasquarella</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/photography-of-seashore-during-sunset-RqnfXDGXObA?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>A new wave of messages has recently surfaced, claiming that <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagal-theory-for-beginners">polyvagal theory</a> (PVT) has been scientifically debunked. The trigger is an article by Paul Grossman titled <em><a href="https://www.clinicalneuropsychiatry.org/download/why-the-polyvagal-theory-is-untenable-an-international-expert-evaluation-of-the-polyvagal-theory-and-commentary-upon-porges-s-w-2025-polyvagal-theory-current-status-clinical-applications-and/">Why the Polyvagal Theory Is Untenable</a></em>. Despite an <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12937496/">adequate response from Stephen Porges</a>, the piece has left a number of therapists and psychologists in doubt. But when you place the criticism alongside the theory itself, a striking pattern emerges: Grossman is once again&#8212;and still&#8212;largely arguing against a version of PVT that its founder, Stephen Porges, never actually described.</p><p>Alongside the work I am doing on several in-depth articles on the subject, I came across <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rq0s5nJIu28">a video by Justin Sunseri</a> this week in which he clearly explains several key points. I decided to write a summary about it.</p><h2>The Vagal Paradox: Two Different Questions</h2><p>Polyvagal theory begins with a neurological puzzle that Stephen Porges called the vagal paradox. His question was concrete: how can one and the same nerve&#8212;the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/nervus-vagus">vagus nerve</a>&#8212;be both life-protecting and life-threatening? If RSA (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) is understood as a marker of healthy vagal regulation, how do we explain that other vagal responses&#8212;such as bradycardia (a slow heart rate) and apnea (cessation of breathing) in premature infants&#8212;are associated with life-threatening dysregulation? This paradox formed the basis for Porges&#8217; hypothesis that the vagal system is divided into distinct functional units.</p><p>Grossman reformulates this question and turns it into a measurement problem: RSA is simply an imprecise measure of vagal cardiac tone, and that explains the apparent contradiction. But in doing so, he answers a different question than the one Porges was asking. Porges was not asking whether RSA is a reliable measurement instrument. He was asking why the same nerve produces opposing survival outcomes. That is a neurobiological question, not a methodological one.</p><p>This distinction matters. The vagal paradox was the driving force behind Porges&#8217; research into the brainstem, which ultimately led to the identification of two anatomically distinct vagal pathways arising from different brainstem nuclei and serving fundamentally different functions. Grossman does not address the vagal paradox in the form Porges posed it, nor does he engage with the anatomical distinction between different vagal circuits that Porges proposed as its explanation.</p><h2>RSA as a Measurement Tool, Not a Foundation</h2><p>A large part of Grossman&#8217;s article is devoted to the shortcomings of RSA as an index of vagal cardiac tone. If RSA is unreliable, the reasoning seems to go, then the entire theoretical edifice of PVT collapses. But this misrepresents what Porges himself has written about RSA.</p><p>In a 2023 publication, Porges explicitly states that RSA is a window onto the function of the ventral vagus&#8212;a measurement tool for testing polyvagal-informed hypotheses&#8212;but not a foundation of the theory itself. The comparison to a thermometer is illuminating here: if a fever thermometer measures inaccurately under certain conditions, it does not follow that fever as a criterion for infection is untenable. <strong>Criticism of the instrument does not touch the underlying reality it is trying to measure.</strong></p><p>Grossman cites the relevant 2023 article by Porges. He is therefore aware of it. Why he nonetheless treats RSA as the pivot around which the entire theory turns remains unclear.</p><h2>Freeze and Shutdown: Two Different States</h2><p>Another point of criticism concerns the relationship between bradycardia and the freeze response. Grossman argues that bradycardia does not occur during freeze and uses this as an argument against the theory. But in polyvagal theory, freeze and shutdown are described as two distinct states.</p><p><strong>Shutdown</strong> is a dorsal vagal response: a limp, passive collapse&#8212;think of a mouse going limp in a cat&#8217;s mouth. Bradycardia fits within this as a physiological response. <strong>Freeze</strong>, by contrast, is a combined state: immobility resulting from the simultaneous activation of the dorsal vagal system and the sympathetic nervous system. The body is still, but internally under high tension&#8212;comparable to a panic attack in which someone freezes. In that combined state of activation, bradycardia is precisely what one would not expect.</p><p>So bradycardia does indeed not occur during freeze&#8212;exactly as both Grossman <strong>and</strong> PVT assert.</p><p>Admittedly, the terminology around freeze, shutdown, and collapse is not always consistent in the literature; this is an area where confusion regularly arises. Grossman does not make this distinction either, which considerably weakens his argument on this point.</p><h2>Myelinated Nerves in Non-Mammals</h2><p>Grossman points to research showing that non-mammals&#8212;sharks, fish, and reptiles&#8212;also possess fast-acting myelinated nerves capable of directly influencing heart rate. His conclusion: if this anatomy is not exclusive to mammals, it cannot represent a special mammalian innovation for social engagement.</p><p>But polyvagal theory never claimed otherwise. Porges has clarified this point repeatedly: the theory is not about whether fast-acting vagal nerves are exclusive to mammals. It is about the evolutionary relocation of the brainstem nucleus from which those nerves originate. In mammals, a so-called ventral shift is described: an evolutionary reorganization of vagal control, in which&#8212;alongside the older projections from the nucleus dorsalis motorius (hence the dorsal vagus)&#8212;a prominent role emerges for vagal pathways originating in the nucleus ambiguus, located more ventrally in the brainstem (hence the ventral vagus).</p><p>This organization is functionally crucial, because the nucleus ambiguus is closely connected to nuclei involved in facial expression, vocalization, and auditory processing. This gives rise to an integrated system in which cardiac regulation and social communication are intertwined. That is the evolutionary claim of PVT&#8212;not that fast vagal nerves are uniquely mammalian.</p><h2>Social Behavior in Reptiles</h2><p>Grossman notes that modern reptiles display far more complex social behavior than was long assumed: long-term pair bonding, shared parental care, and social learning. As an argument against polyvagal theory, this misses the mark&#8212;and Porges has responded accordingly.</p><p>PVT is not concerned with the social behavior of modern reptiles as such, but with the specific evolutionary transition from a common extinct ancestor to mammals. Whatever modern reptiles have developed since then follows a separate evolutionary trajectory. To the extent that similarities in social behavior exist, these can be understood as examples of convergent evolution, in which comparable behaviors arise via different underlying biological systems.</p><p>Moreover, the theory describes a very specific integration: the coupling of cardiac regulation to facial expression, voice, and hearing, such that social signals&#8212;a warm tone of voice, eye contact, a smile&#8212;can bring about physiological calming in others (co-regulation). That is something quite different from the social behavior Grossman describes in reptiles.</p><h2>For Whom Did Grossman Write His Article?</h2><p>Beyond the substantive objections, something about the article&#8217;s design stands out. The abstract and introduction are explicitly directed at therapists and other practitioners who use PVT in their work. The final three of the twelve conclusions address psychology and treatment and encourage care professionals to abandon the theory.</p><p>That is remarkable, because the article contains no new arguments against PVT. Grossman is repeating positions he has been publishing for years, to which Porges has responded on multiple occasions. The article presents itself in scientific terms while simultaneously targeting readers who do not systematically follow the primary literature.</p><p>That makes it harmful to a fair assessment of PVT: those unfamiliar with the theory&#8217;s original formulations have little basis for evaluating the criticism on its merits. The gap between what Grossman argues against and what Porges actually claims only becomes visible when you place theory and critique side by side. The effect is already apparent: therapists and various popular psychology channels have adopted the conclusions without checking whether the criticism described actually corresponds to the theory.</p><p>Since this is not the first time Grossman has applied this strategy, it is difficult to characterize it as an innocent mistake.</p><h2>Work to Be Done</h2><p>That does not mean Grossman has no valid points. The question of how ventral vagal activity can be measured reliably remains open, even setting aside RSA as a foundation of the theory. The phylogenetic claims&#8212;concerning the evolutionary reorganization of vagal circuits in the transition to mammals&#8212;are plausible but less robustly supported than the anatomical part of the theory. And the terminology around freeze, shutdown and collapse is not always consistent within the PVT community itself, which complicates comparative research. These are real issues, and they deserve more serious attention than they have so far received.</p><h2>Conclusion</h2><p>Scientific criticism is valuable, and <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagal-theory-for-beginners">polyvagal theory</a> is not immune to questions or refinement. There are legitimate debates about the degree to which RSA is useful as a proxy for ventral vagal activity, about how robust the evolutionary claims are, and about the precise anatomical boundaries of the social engagement system.</p><p>But Grossman&#8217;s article is largely not about any of that. It argues against a vagal paradox that Porges never formulated, treats RSA as a foundation that Porges himself has explicitly relativized, conflates freeze with shutdown, and misses the evolutionary core of the theory concerning the nucleus ambiguus. When you place the sources side by side, it becomes clear that the heart of the criticism does not connect with the heart of the theory.</p><p>Polyvagal theory is not dead. It is the subject of an ongoing scientific debate, and that is precisely where it belongs&#8212;only, that debate ought to concern different questions than the ones Grossman is asking.</p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>If you found this article worth reading and (not yet) feel like getting a paid subscription, you can always treat me to a cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Meditatie is niet wat je denkt]]></title><description><![CDATA[Je hoeft geen goede mediteerder te zijn. Dat k&#225;n eigenlijk niet eens. Je hoeft alleen maar te beginnen, en als je afgedwaald bent simpelweg opnieuw te beginnen.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/meditatie-is-niet-wat-je-denkt</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/meditatie-is-niet-wat-je-denkt</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 26 Apr 2026 05:14:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HgV1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HgV1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HgV1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HgV1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HgV1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HgV1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HgV1!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg" width="1200" height="800.2747252747253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:1975037,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/141098658?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HgV1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HgV1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HgV1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HgV1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4c5eab7-46af-4f6a-a22c-60b85b52434f_5434x3623.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@soymeraki?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Javier Allegue Barros</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/silhouette-of-road-signage-during-golden-hour-C7B-ExXpOIE?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><div class="pullquote"><p>Meditatie is geen kwestie van stoppen met denken of je geest leegmaken, maar veeleer het realiseren wanneer je aandacht afdwaalt, simpelweg de betreffende gedachte loslaten en opnieuw beginnen. </p><p>Het is een manier om de relatie tot onze gedachten te veranderen, zodat we minder door ze in beslag genomen worden en geen ruimte ervaren. Het cre&#235;ren van een nieuwe en ruimtelijke relatie met onze gedachten brengt zowel vrede als vrijheid. </p><p><em>Sharon Salzberg</em></p></div><p>Er is iets paradoxaals aan de hand met meditatie: hoe meer je erover nadenkt, hoe verder je van de essentie verwijderd raakt.</p><p>De meeste mensen die voor het eerst op een meditatiekussen gaan zitten, hebben een verwachting. Soms is dat &#8216;ontspanning&#8217;, soms iets als &#8216;bij jezelf komen&#8217; en soms ook &#8216;<em>stilte&#8217;</em>; innerlijke stilte. Dat klinkt allemaal best passend en adequaat, en tegelijk lijkt er een idee te zijn dat het brein een soort volumeknop heeft die je op nul kunt zetten als je de juiste techniek beheerst.</p><p>Maar dat brein &#8216;denkt&#8217; daar anders over. Gedachten komen gewoon op; of je nu wilt of niet. Dan kun je denken dat je het niet goed doet, maar je kunt ze ook &#8216;zien&#8217; als een bewijs dat je leeft. De vraag is echt niet hoe je gedachten stopt, maar wat je &#8216;doet&#8217; in het moment dat je ze <em>opmerkt</em>. Dat moment is kort, bijna onzichtbaar; voor je het &#8216;weet&#8217; is het voorbij. Je was even bij de gedachte, en nu ben je er weer. Dat is het hele &#8216;werk&#8217;. Niet een leeg hoofd (of leeghoofd?), maar die fractie van een seconde waarin je terugkeert; zonder poespas, of dan toch zonder oordeel over de poespas.</p><p>Sharon Salzberg noemt dat een andere <em>relatie</em> met gedachten. Het woord &#8216;relatie&#8217; verdient aandacht. Het impliceert dat er twee partijen zijn die het niet altijd met elkaar eens zijn. Dat kan ook met jou en je gedachten het geval zijn. Je hoeft je gedachten niet leuk te vinden. Je hoeft ze ook niet te geloven. Ze zijn er, ze komen en ze gaan, bewegen, en jij kan degene zijn die kijkt, die ze &#8216;registreert&#8217; als &#8216;dingen&#8217; die er zijn en waar je niets mee hoeft.</p><p>Er is dus een verschil tussen <em>in</em> een gedachte zitten en een gedachte <em>zien</em>. Het eerste is wat veel mensen normaal vinden, waarna de kans groot is dat ze met de gedachten gaan samenvallen. Er is dan geen gedachte en iemand waar die gedachte in is, maar je <em>wordt</em> de gedachte, je <em>bent</em> de zorg over morgen, je <em>bent</em> de herhaling van het gesprek van gisteren. <br>Een gedachte zien vraagt niets anders dan een klein stukje afstand. De afstand die helderheid geeft. In de ACT therapie heeft men daar het woord &#8216;defusie&#8217; voor gevonden; een mooie vondst: loskomen van gedachten.</p><p>Die ruimte waar Salzberg over spreekt en die ze omschrijft als zowel vrede als vrijheid, is niet iets wat je hoeft te &#8216;maken<em>&#8217;</em>. Het is meer dat je hem blootlegt, want hij was er al; onder de laag van interpretaties, oordelen, reactiviteit en verhalen die het denken voortdurend produceert, is er iets dat gewoon ... <strong>is</strong>. Zonder drama en poespas, gewoon aanwezig.</p><p>Soms is dat voor mensen een schokkende ontdekking bij het mediteren: dat de rust niet bereikt wordt door het denken te overwinnen, maar door er niet meer volledig door meegesleurd te worden. Zoals ik weleens zeg: het gaat er niet om dat je vrij bent <strong>van</strong> gedachten, maar dat je vrij wordt <strong>met</strong> je gedachten.</p><p>Je hoeft geen goede mediteerder te zijn. Dat k&#225;n eigenlijk niet eens. Je hoeft alleen maar te beginnen, en als je afgedwaald bent &#8211; wat je vaak zult zijn &#8211; simpelweg opnieuw te beginnen.<br>Dat is het. Steeds opnieuw beginnen. Daar vind je vrede en vrijheid.</p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Als je dit artikel lezenswaardig vond en (nog) geen betaald abonnement wilt, mag je me ook trakteren op een cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[De polyvagaaltheorie is springlevend]]></title><description><![CDATA[De polyvagaaltheorie is niet dood. Ze is onderwerp van een lopend wetenschappelijk debat, en dat is precies waar ze hoort te zijn; alleen zou dat debat over andere vragen moeten gaan dan degene die Grossman stelt.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/de-polyvagaaltheorie-is-springlevend</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/de-polyvagaaltheorie-is-springlevend</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 19 Apr 2026 05:21:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg" width="1200" height="800.2747252747253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:4055779,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/194181218?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rrt8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cf3687e-5aa4-4635-a176-279f158ff42c_5184x3456.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">De zon komt op! Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@richardpasquarellaphotography?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Richard Pasquarella</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/photography-of-seashore-during-sunset-RqnfXDGXObA?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Recent duikt er opnieuw een golf van berichten op die beweren dat de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagaaltheorie</a> (PVT) wetenschappelijk is afgeschreven. De aanleiding is een artikel van Paul Grossman, getiteld <em><a href="https://www.clinicalneuropsychiatry.org/download/why-the-polyvagal-theory-is-untenable-an-international-expert-evaluation-of-the-polyvagal-theory-and-commentary-upon-porges-s-w-2025-polyvagal-theory-current-status-clinical-applications-and/">Why the Polyvagal Theory is Untenable</a></em>. Het stuk heeft &#8211; ondanks een <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12937496/">adequate respons van Stephen Porges</a> &#8211; bij een aantal therapeuten en psychologen tot twijfel geleid. Maar wie de kritiek naast de theorie zelf legt, stuit op een opvallend patroon: Grossman bestrijdt alweer en nog steeds voor het grootste deel een versie van de PVT die grondlegger Stephen Porges zelf nooit heeft beschreven.</p><p>Naast het feit dat ik zelf bezig ben met enkele verdiepende artikelen hierover, kwam ik van de week een <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rq0s5nJIu28">filmpje tegen van Justin Sunseri</a>, waarin hij adequaat een aantal zaken uitlegt. Ik besloot er een vertaalde samenvatting van te maken.</p><h2>De vagale paradox: twee verschillende vragen</h2><p>De polyvagaaltheorie begint bij een neurologische puzzel die Stephen Porges de <em>vagale paradox</em> noemde. Zijn vraag was concreet: hoe kan &#233;&#233;n en dezelfde zenuw &#8211; de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/nervus-vagus">nervus vagus</a> &#8211; zowel levensbeschermend als levensgevaarlijk zijn? Als RSA (respiratoire sinusaritmie) wordt opgevat als een marker van gezonde vagale regulatie, hoe valt dan te verklaren dat andere vagale responsen &#8211; zoals bradycardie (= trage hartslag) en apneu (= ademstilstand) bij prematuren (= te vroeg geborenen) &#8211; juist met levensbedreigende ontregeling samenhangen? Deze paradox vormde de basis voor Porges&#8217; hypothese dat het vagale systeem in verschillende functionele eenheden verdeeld (= gedifferentieerd) is.</p><p>Grossman herformuleert deze vraag en maakt er een meetprobleem van: RSA is gewoon een onnauwkeurige maatstaf voor vagale harttonus, en dat verklaart de schijnbare tegenstrijdigheid. Maar daarmee beantwoordt hij een andere vraag dan Porges stelde. Porges vroeg niet of RSA een betrouwbaar meetinstrument is. Hij vroeg waarom dezelfde zenuw tegengestelde overlevingsuitkomsten produceert. Dat is een neurobiologische vraag, geen methodologische.</p><p>Dit onderscheid is van belang. De vagale paradox was de drijvende kracht achter Porges&#8217; onderzoek naar de hersenstam, wat uiteindelijk leidde tot de ontdekking van twee anatomisch gescheiden vagale banen die vanuit verschillende hersenstamkernen ontspringen en fundamenteel verschillende functies hebben. Grossman adresseert de vagale paradox niet in de vorm waarin Porges haar stelt, en gaat evenmin in op het door Porges voorgestelde anatomische onderscheid tussen verschillende vagale circuits als verklaring.</p><h2>RSA als meetinstrument, niet als fundament</h2><p>Een groot deel van Grossmans artikel is gewijd aan de tekortkomingen van RSA als index van vagale harttonus. Als RSA onbetrouwbaar is, zo lijkt de redenering, dan valt het hele theoretische gebouw van de PVT om. Maar dit miskent wat Porges zelf over RSA heeft geschreven.</p><p>In een publicatie uit 2023 stelt Porges expliciet dat RSA <em>een venster</em> is op de functie van de ventrale vagus &#8211; een meetinstrument om polyvagaal-ge&#239;nformeerde hypothesen te toetsen &#8211; maar geen fundament van de theorie zelf. De vergelijking met een thermometer is hier verhelderend: als een koortsthermometer onnauwkeurig meet onder bepaalde omstandigheden, volgt daaruit niet dat koorts als criterium voor infectie onhoudbaar is. <strong>Kritiek op het instrument raakt niet de onderliggende werkelijkheid die het probeert te meten.</strong></p><p>Grossman citeert het bewuste 2023-artikel van Porges. Hij is er dus van op de hoogte. Waarom hij desondanks RSA behandelt als de spil waar de hele theorie om draait, blijft onduidelijk.</p><h2>Freeze en shutdown: twee verschillende toestanden</h2><p>Een ander punt van kritiek betreft de relatie tussen bradycardie en de bevriezingsrespons. Grossman stelt dat er bij freeze geen bradycardie optreedt, en gebruikt dit als argument tegen de theorie. Maar in de polyvagaaltheorie worden freeze en shutdown als twee verschillende toestanden beschreven.</p><p><strong>Shutdown</strong> is een dorsaal-vagale respons: een slappe, passieve ineenstorting &#8211; denk aan het dood-veinzen van een muis in de bek van een kat. Bradycardie past daarbinnen als fysiologische respons. <strong>Freeze</strong> daarentegen is een gecombineerde toestand: immobiliteit door <em>gelijktijdige activatie van het dorsale vagale systeem &#233;n het sympathische systeem</em>. Het lichaam staat stil maar staat intern onder hoogspanning &#8211; vergelijkbaar met een paniekaanval waarbij iemand verstijft. Bij die gecombineerde activatie is een bradycardie juist n&#237;&#233;t te verwachten.</p><p>Dus bij freeze treedt inderdaad geen bradycardie op, precies zoals Grossman <strong>&#233;n</strong> de PVT stellen.</p><p>Toegegeven: de terminologie rond <em>freeze</em> en <em>shutdown</em> is in de literatuur niet altijd consistent; dit is een punt waar regelmatig verwarring ontstaat. Ook Grossman maakt dit onderscheid niet, wat zijn redenering op dit punt behoorlijk verzwakt.</p><h2>Gemyeliniseerde zenuwen bij niet-zoogdieren</h2><p>Grossman wijst op onderzoek waaruit blijkt dat ook niet-zoogdieren &#8211; haaien, vissen, reptielen &#8211; beschikken over snelwerkende gemyeliniseerde zenuwen die de hartslag direct kunnen be&#239;nvloeden. Zijn conclusie: als deze anatomie niet exclusief is voor zoogdieren, kan ze ook geen bijzondere zoogdierinnovatie voor sociale betrokkenheid zijn.</p><p>Maar de polyvagaaltheorie stelt dat ook helemaal niet. Porges heeft dit punt herhaaldelijk verduidelijkt: de theorie draait niet om de vraag of snelwerkende vagale zenuwen exclusief zijn voor zoogdieren. Het gaat om de evolutionaire verplaatsing van de hersenstamkern waaruit die zenuwen ontspringen. Bij zoogdieren wordt een zogenaamde ventrale verschuiving beschreven: een evolutionaire herorganisatie van vagale controle, waarbij naast de oudere projecties vanuit de <em>nucleus dorsalis motorius</em> (vandaar <em>dorsale vagus</em>) een prominente rol ontstaat voor vagale banen die ontspringen in de <em>nucleus ambiguus</em>, meer ventraal (voil&#224;, de <em>ventrale vagus</em>) in de hersenstam. </p><p>Deze organisatie is functioneel cruciaal, omdat de nucleus ambiguus nauw verbonden is met kernen die betrokken zijn bij gezichtsexpressie, vocalisatie (= stemgebruik) en auditieve verwerking (= gevoeligheid voor geluid). Zo ontstaat een ge&#239;ntegreerd systeem waarin hartregulatie en sociale communicatie met elkaar samenhangen. Dat is de evolutionaire claim van de PVT &#8211; niet dat snelle vagale zenuwen uniek zoogdierlijk zijn.</p><h2>Sociaal gedrag bij reptielen</h2><p>Grossman merkt op dat moderne reptielen veel complexer sociaal gedrag vertonen dan lang werd aangenomen: langdurige paarbinding, gezamenlijke ouderlijke zorg, sociaal leren. Als argument tegen de polyvagaaltheorie mist dit zijn doel, en Porges heeft dat ook zo beantwoord.</p><p>De PVT is niet ge&#239;nteresseerd in het sociale gedrag van moderne reptielen als zodanig, maar in de specifieke evolutionaire overgang van gemeenschappelijke uitgestorven voorouders naar zoogdieren. Wat moderne reptielen sindsdien hebben ontwikkeld, volgt een afzonderlijk evolutionair traject. Voor zover er overeenkomsten zijn in sociaal gedrag, kunnen die worden opgevat als voorbeelden van <em>convergente evolutie</em>, waarbij vergelijkbare gedragingen via verschillende onderliggende biologische systemen tot stand komen. </p><p>Bovendien beschrijft de theorie een zeer specifieke integratie: de koppeling van hartregulatie aan gezichtsexpressie, stem en gehoor, waardoor sociale signalen als een warme stemklank, oogcontact of glimlach fysiologische kalmering bij anderen kunnen bewerkstelligen (co-regulatie). Dat is iets anders dan het sociale gedrag dat Grossman beschrijft bij reptielen.</p><h2>Voor wie heeft Grossman zijn artikel geschreven?</h2><p>Los van de inhoudelijke bezwaren valt iets op aan de opzet van het artikel. Abstract en inleiding richten zich expliciet op therapeuten en andere hulpverleners die de PVT in hun praktijk gebruiken. De drie laatste van de twaalf conclusies gaan over psychologie en behandeling, en moedigen zorgprofessionals aan de theorie te verlaten.</p><p>Dat is opmerkelijk, want het artikel bevat geen nieuwe argumenten tegen de PVT. Grossman herhaalt standpunten die hij al jaren publiceert, en waarop Porges meerdere malen heeft gereageerd. Het artikel presenteert zich in wetenschappelijke termen, maar lijkt tegelijkertijd gericht op lezers die de primaire literatuur niet systematisch volgen.</p><p>Dat maakt het schadelijk voor een eerlijke beoordeling van de PVT: wie de oorspronkelijke formuleringen van de theorie niet kent, heeft weinig houvast om de kritiek inhoudelijk te beoordelen. De kloof tussen wat Grossman bestrijdt en wat Porges daadwerkelijk beweert, wordt alleen zichtbaar als je theorie en kritiek naast elkaar legt. Het effect is inmiddels zichtbaar: therapeuten en verschillende populaire psychologiekanalen hebben de conclusies overgenomen zonder te toetsen of de beschreven kritiek en de theorie overeenkomen.</p><p>Aangezien dit niet de eerste keer is dat Grossman deze strategie toepast, is het lastig dit als een onschuldige vergissing te kenschetsen.</p><h2>Werk aan de winkel</h2><p>Dat betekent niet dat Grossman nergens een punt heeft. De vraag hoe ventrale vagale activiteit betrouwbaar gemeten kan worden, blijft open, ook zonder dat RSA een fundament van de theorie is. De fylogenetische claims &#8211; over de evolutionaire herorganisatie van vagale circuits bij de overgang naar zoogdieren &#8211; zijn plausibel, maar minder stevig onderbouwd dan het anatomische deel van de theorie. En de terminologie rond freeze, shutdown en collapse is binnen de PVT-gemeenschap zelf niet altijd consistent, wat vergelijkend onderzoek bemoeilijkt. Dat zijn re&#235;le kwesties, en ze verdienen serieuzere aandacht dan ze tot nu toe hebben gekregen.</p><h2>Conclusie</h2><p>Wetenschappelijke kritiek is waardevol, en de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagaaltheorie</a> is niet immuun voor vragen of verbetering. Er zijn legitieme debatten over de mate waarin RSA als proxy voor ventrale vagale activiteit bruikbaar is, over de vraag hoe robuust de evolutionaire claims zijn, en over de precieze anatomische grenzen van het sociale betrokkenheidssysteem.</p><p>Maar Grossmans artikel gaat daar grotendeels niet over. Het bestrijdt een vagale paradox die Porges nooit formuleerde, behandelt RSA als een fundament dat Porges zelf expliciet heeft gerelativeerd, verwart freeze met shutdown, en mist het evolutionaire kernpunt van de theorie over de nucleus ambiguus. Wie de bronnen naast elkaar legt, ziet dat de kern van de kritiek niet aansluit op de kern van de theorie.</p><p>De polyvagaaltheorie is niet dood. Ze is onderwerp van een lopend wetenschappelijk debat, en dat is precies waar ze hoort te zijn; alleen zou dat debat over andere vragen moeten gaan dan degene die Grossman stelt.</p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Als je dit artikel lezenswaardig vond en (nog) geen betaald abonnement wilt, mag je me ook trakteren op een cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Hart-Slag-Variabiliteit (HRV)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Heart Rate Variability is meer dan een technische meting; het is een venster op de veerkracht van je systeem, een spiegel van je autonome flexibiliteit, en een biomarker van gezondheid.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/hrv</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/hrv</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 12 Apr 2026 05:14:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WHJJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WHJJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WHJJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WHJJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WHJJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WHJJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WHJJ!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg" width="1200" height="675" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:224948,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/192498857?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WHJJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WHJJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WHJJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WHJJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58481706-b2b0-4e71-8ea2-8cb9bc8b0621_2048x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@pappigo?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Lee Pigott</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/rhythm?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>Inleiding</h2><p>Als je je vinger op je pols legt en je hartslag voelt, lijkt het meestal alsof je hart in een mooi regelmatig ritme klopt; als een metronoom: tiktak, tiktak, tiktak. Maar schijn bedriegt, want bij nauwkeurige meting blijkt dat de tijd tussen opeenvolgende hartslagen voortdurend varieert, met fracties van seconden; soms voelbaar, vaak niet. Dit natuurlijke versnellen en vertragen van je hartslag wordt <strong>hartslagvariabiliteit</strong> genoemd, <strong>Heart Rate Variability</strong> in het Engels, afgekort <strong>HRV</strong>.</p><p>Het ligt voor de hand om het Engelse <em>Heart Rate Variability</em> te vertalen met <em>hartritmevariabiliteit</em>, en het zou ook nog mooi zijn met het oog op de afkorting HRV, maar dat zou om twee redenen niet kloppen. Ten eerste is de vertaling van het Engelse <em>rate</em> niet ritme, maar <em>hoeveelheid</em>, in de zin van &#8216;aantal per tijdseenheid&#8217;, dus <em>frequentie</em>. Daarom is de beste vertaling van heart rate &#8594; hartslagfrequentie (of korter: hartslag). Ten tweede is het van belang om te beseffen dat het echt <strong>niet het ritme</strong> is dat varieert, <strong>maar de frequentie</strong>. Van een variabel hart<em>ritme</em> worden cardiologen blij, want dan is er iets te behandelen &#129322;. Bekende hart<em>ritme</em>variaties, die zelfs stoornissen kunnen worden, zijn boezemfibrilleren en extrasystolen.</p><p>Dus het Engelse HRV moeten we in het Nederlands vertalen met <strong>hartslagvariabiliteit</strong>. Ik blijf de afkorting <strong>HRV</strong> gebruiken, en dan refereer ik dus aan de Engelse term. Dat doe ik omdat ik me wil voegen naar het gangbare taalgebruik. Probeer maar te zoeken op <em>HSV</em>, dan krijg je weinig zinvolle respons of vooral HRV-resultaten<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>.</p><p>OK, terug naar HRV!<br>Lange tijd werd deze variabiliteit gezien als ruis, als iets storends dat je moest wegfilteren om de &#8220;echte&#8221; informatie te ontdekken. Maar in de afgelopen decennia is HRV uitgegroeid tot een belangrijke en veelbelovende biomarker in de gezondheidswetenschappen. Het blijkt namelijk dat deze variabiliteit helemaal geen storing is, maar een signaal dat een beeld geeft van de flexibiliteit en <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/veerkrachttraining">veerkracht</a> van je <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/autonoom-zenuwstelsel">autonome zenuwstelsel</a>, het deel van je zenuwstelsel dat onbewust al je belangrijke levensfuncties reguleert.</p><p>In dit artikel neem ik je mee in de wereld van HRV: wat het is, hoe het ontstaat, wat het betekent voor je gezondheid, en hoe het kan helpen bij het begrijpen van stress, trauma, veerkracht en welzijn. Voor ge&#239;nteresseerden in de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagaaltheorie</a> is het van belang om inzicht in HRV te hebben en het verschil met <em><strong>RSA</strong></em> &#128563; te kennen (waarover binnenkort een <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/relaxicon">Relaxicon</a>-onderwerp verschijnt).</p><h2>Wat is Heart Rate Variability?</h2><h3>De basis: van hartslag naar hartslagvariabiliteit</h3><p>Je <strong>hartslag</strong> of <strong>hartfrequentie</strong> wordt uitgedrukt in slagen per minuut, bijvoorbeeld zestig, zeventig of tachtig slagen per minuut bij een rustende volwassene. Dit getal suggereert een vaste, constante frequentie. Maar als je zou inzoomen op de tijd tussen individuele hartslagen, zou je zien dat deze tijd voortdurend fluctueert, ook als de mate van activiteit niet verandert.</p><p>Stel, je hartslag is gemiddeld zestig slagen per minuut. Dat betekent gemiddeld &#233;&#233;n hartslag per seconde. In werkelijkheid fluctueert deze timing continu: de eerste hartslag volgt na 0,95 seconden, de tweede na 1,02 seconden, de derde na 0,98 seconden, de vierde na 1,05 seconden. Deze kleine verschillen, deze variabiliteit, vormen samen je HRV.</p><h3>De golf van je hartritme</h3><p>Als je deze variaties in de tijd uitzet op een grafiek, zie je een golvend patroon ontstaan. Het hart versnelt en vertraagt voortdurend, vaak synchroon met je ademhaling: tijdens inademing versnelt je hartslag lichtjes, tijdens uitademing vertraagt je hartslag weer. Deze ritmische op-en-neer beweging is geen toeval. Het weerspiegelt de voortdurende dialoog tussen je hart en je hersenstam en wordt gemedieerd (= gereguleerd, gestuurd) door het autonome zenuwstelsel.</p><h2>Het autonome zenuwstelsel: de onzichtbare dirigent</h2><p>Om HRV te begrijpen, moeten we eerst kennismaken met het <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/autonoom-zenuwstelsel">autonome zenuwstelsel</a>, het systeem dat automatisch, buiten je bewuste wil om, je levensfuncties reguleert: je hartslag, ademhaling, spijsvertering, bloeddruk, lichaamstemperatuur en nog veel meer.</p><h3>Twee hoofdspelers en een derde, minder bekende</h3><p>Het autonome zenuwstelsel bestaat uit twee hoofdtakken die vaak in tegengestelde richting werken. Het <strong>sympathische zenuwstelsel</strong> bereidt je lichaam voor op actie; denk aan werken, sporten of de vecht-of-vluchtreactie. Het verhoogt je hartslag, versnelt je ademhaling, verwijdt je pupillen, verhoogt je bloeddruk en mobiliseert energie. Dit systeem wordt geactiveerd bij inspanning, stress, opwinding, gevaar of uitdaging.</p><p>Daarnaast werkt het <strong>parasympathische zenuwstelsel</strong> als tegenwicht. Het ondersteunt rust, herstel en spijsvertering: de rust-en-herstelmodus. Dit systeem verlaagt je hartslag, verdiept en vertraagt je ademhaling, bevordert spijsvertering, ondersteunt herstel en groei, en conserveert energie. De belangrijkste zenuw van dit systeem is de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/nervus-vagus">nervus vagus</a> (Latijn voor &#8220;zwervende zenuw&#8221;), die van je hersenstam naar beneden loopt<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> en vele organen innerveert (= &#8220;voorziet van zenuwvezels&#8221;, of &#8220;stuurt zenuwsignalen naar&#8221;), waaronder je hart.</p><p>De <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagaaltheorie</a> (Porges, 1994) onderscheidt binnen het parasympathische systeem twee functioneel verschillende vagale paden. De zogenaamde <strong>ventrale vagus</strong> bestaat uit gemyeliniseerde (= &#8220;ge&#239;soleerde&#8221;) vezels, die zorgen voor snelle, flexibele hartregulatie en die daarnaast sociale betrokkenheid ondersteunen. De <strong>dorsale vagus</strong> bestaat uit ongemyeliniseerde vezels, die vooral spijsvertering en metabolisme (= stofwisseling) reguleren en onder extreme stress verstarring/immobilisatie kunnen ondersteunen. Voor HRV is vooral de ventrale vagus relevant, omdat deze snelle, <em>beat-to-beat</em> modulatie van de hartslag mogelijk maakt.</p><h3>Een delicate balans, of liever: een flexibele dans</h3><p>Vroeger dacht men dat het autonome zenuwstelsel werkte als een simpele weegschaal: meer sympathisch betekent automatisch minder parasympathisch, en vice versa. Maar de werkelijkheid is complexer en genuanceerder. Het autonome zenuwstelsel functioneert meer als een orkest met meerdere instrumenten die samen een dynamische compositie spelen. Afhankelijk van de context &#8211; ben je aan het sporten, aan het mediteren, in gesprek, aan het eten, gestrest of ontspannen &#8211; verschuift de balans voortdurend. En precies die flexibiliteit, die voortdurende aanpassing, is wat HRV meet.</p><h2>Mechanismen achter de variatie</h2><h3>Ademhaling: de primaire dirigent</h3><p>De belangrijkste bron van HRV is je ademhaling. Dit fenomeen heet <strong>Respiratoire Sinus Aritmie</strong> (Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in het Engels, afgekort als<strong> RSA</strong>), en het werkt als volgt. Tijdens inademing expandeert je borstkas en daalt de druk in je borstkas. Dit trekt meer bloed naar je hart (verhoogde <em>veneuze return</em>). Tegelijkertijd signaleert je hersenstam: &#8220;We hebben meer bloed, we kunnen sneller pompen.&#8221; Je vaguszenuw vermindert tijdelijk zijn remmende invloed op je hart, waardoor je hartslag lichtjes versnelt.</p><p>Tijdens uitademing ontspant je borstkas en normaliseert de druk. Minder bloed stroomt terug naar het hart. Je hersenstam signaleert: &#8220;We kunnen rustiger aan doen.&#8221; Je vaguszenuw hervat zijn remmende werking en je hartslag vertraagt weer. Deze <strong>ademhalingsgekoppelde hartritme-oscillatie</strong> (= schommeling, pendelen) is zo belangrijk dat ze een eigen naam heeft gekregen: RSA. Meer hierover vind je in het binnenkort te verschijnen aparte Relaxicon-artikel over RSA.</p><p>Waarom is dit nuttig? Dit zorgt voor een effici&#235;nte koppeling tussen je ademhaling (zuurstofopname) en je hartslag (zuurstoftransport). Het is een prachtig voorbeeld van hoe je lichaam voortdurend optimaliseert.</p><h3>De baroreflex: bloeddrukregulatie</h3><p>Je lichaam heeft sensoren (zogenaamde baroreceptoren [baro = druk]) in de wanden van je grote bloedvaten (vooral in je halsslagaders en aortaboog) die voortdurend je bloeddruk monitoren. Als je bloeddruk stijgt, registreren deze sensoren dat en sturen ze een signaal naar je hersenstam. Je hersenstam activeert vervolgens de vaguszenuw en je hartslag daalt (om de bloeddruk te verlagen). Omgekeerd versnelt je hartslag bij dalende bloeddruk.</p><p>Deze baroreflex werkt op een iets langzamere cyclus dan ademhaling (ongeveer elke zeven tot tien seconden) en draagt bij aan de low-frequency component van HRV. Je zou kunnen zeggen: een tweede, minder opvallend ritme.<br>Het is een feedbacksysteem dat helpt om je bloeddruk binnen veilige grenzen te houden.</p><h3>Thermische regulatie, hormonale invloeden en meer</h3><p>Je lichaamstemperatuur schommelt subtiel gedurende de dag en wordt be&#239;nvloed door beweging en inspanning, omgevingstemperatuur, dag-nachtritme en emotionele toestand. Deze variaties vragen om aanpassingen in je doorbloeding en hartslag, wat bijdraagt aan very-low-frequency-variaties in HRV; een derde ritme dus<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>.</p><p>Ook hormonen zoals adrenaline, cortisol en andere signalen uit je endocriene systeem be&#239;nvloeden je hartslag op de wat langere termijn. Deze werken langzamer dan zenuwsignalen, maar dragen bij aan de baseline-verschuivingen in HRV.</p><p>Tenslotte be&#239;nvloeden ook je mentale en emotionele toestand de HRV. Angst, woede en stress leiden tot verhoogde sympathische activiteit en verlaagde HRV. Rust, veiligheid en verbinding verhogen de parasympathische activiteit en daarmee HRV. Aandacht en concentratie verlagen HRV tijdelijk (mentale inspanning), terwijl ontspanning en meditatie HRV verhogen.</p><h2>Wat zegt HRV over je gezondheid?</h2><h3>HRV als spiegel van autonome flexibiliteit</h3><p>De kern van wat HRV onthult, is autonome flexibiliteit: het vermogen van je lichaam &#8211; en dan specifiek het autonome zenuwstelsel &#8211; om soepel en passend te reageren op wisselende eisen. Een hoge HRV suggereert dat je autonome zenuwstelsel veerkrachtig en adaptief is: het kan schakelen tussen rust en activiteit, tussen focus en ontspanning, tussen inspanning en herstel.</p><p>Hoge HRV wordt geassocieerd met betere cardiovasculaire (= hart en bloedvaten) gezondheid, goede fysieke fitheid, effectievere stressregulatie, betere emotieregulatie, grotere psychologische veerkracht (resilience), sneller herstel na inspanning, een gezonder metabool profiel (bloedsuiker, cholesterol), en een lager risico op hart- en vaatziekten.</p><p>Lage HRV wordt geassocieerd met verhoogd risico op hart- en vaatziekten, chronische stress en burn-out, angst en depressie, PTSS en trauma, diabetes en metabool syndroom, chronische ontstekingen, slechte slaapkwaliteit en verminderd herstelvermogen.</p><h2>HRV meten en beoordelen</h2><h3>De gouden standaard: ECG</h3><p>De meest nauwkeurige manier om HRV te meten is via een <strong>elektrocardiogram</strong> of ECG. Dit registreert de elektrische activiteit van je hart met hoge precisie. De zogenaamde R-piek in het ECG-signaal (de hoogste uitslag) markeert elke hartslag. De tijd tussen twee opeenvolgende R-pieken heet de R-R interval of <em>inter-beat</em> interval. HRV-analyse berekent de variabiliteit in deze R-R intervallen, zie de blauwe pijlen hieronder<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f74y!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8109baba-bf87-44bd-a28e-733c9251ca48_3730x2350.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f74y!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8109baba-bf87-44bd-a28e-733c9251ca48_3730x2350.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f74y!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8109baba-bf87-44bd-a28e-733c9251ca48_3730x2350.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f74y!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8109baba-bf87-44bd-a28e-733c9251ca48_3730x2350.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f74y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8109baba-bf87-44bd-a28e-733c9251ca48_3730x2350.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f74y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8109baba-bf87-44bd-a28e-733c9251ca48_3730x2350.jpeg" width="1456" height="917" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8109baba-bf87-44bd-a28e-733c9251ca48_3730x2350.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:917,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3019752,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/192498857?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8109baba-bf87-44bd-a28e-733c9251ca48_3730x2350.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f74y!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8109baba-bf87-44bd-a28e-733c9251ca48_3730x2350.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f74y!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8109baba-bf87-44bd-a28e-733c9251ca48_3730x2350.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f74y!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8109baba-bf87-44bd-a28e-733c9251ca48_3730x2350.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f74y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8109baba-bf87-44bd-a28e-733c9251ca48_3730x2350.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@towfiqu999999?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Towfiqu barbhuiya</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/person-writing-on-white-paper-QsBfOwMoPNY?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a>, bewerkt door Ronald de Caluw&#233;</figcaption></figure></div><p>Het heeft geen zin om een analyse te doen van een paar seconden, want daarin zijn er maar enkele hartslagen en daaruit kun je geen variabiliteit bepalen. De typische meetduur varieert van kortetermijn metingen van vijf tot tien minuten (voor acute metingen; ook het ECG hierboven is te kort) tot langetermijn metingen van vierentwintig uur (Holter-monitoring, voor klinische doeleinden).</p><h3>Moderne alternatieven: wearables en apps</h3><p>De laatste jaren zijn er talloze draagbare apparaten op de markt gekomen die HRV kunnen meten. Hartslagmeters met borstsensor (zoals Polar of Garmin) schijnen best nauwkeurig te zijn, omdat ze werken met elektrische signalen, vergelijkbaar met die van een ECG. Smartwatches met optische sensoren (zoals Apple Watch of Fitbit) gebruiken licht om je hartslag te meten via je pols. Deze zijn veel minder nauwkeurig dan borstsensoren, maar vaak voldoende voor het volgen van trends. Er zijn ook smartphone-apps die via de camera je hartslag registreren door lichtschommelingen in je vinger te meten, maar de kwaliteit van deze apps varieert sterk. Tenslotte zijn er dedicated HRV-devices zoals de Inner Balance van HeartMath.</p><p>Voor betrouwbare metingen is consistentie van belang. Meet bij voorkeur elke dag op hetzelfde moment, in dezelfde houding (liggen of rustig zitten), en onder vergelijkbare omstandigheden. Veel experts adviseren om <strong>'</strong>s ochtends, vlak na het wakker worden, te meten, omdat dan externe invloeden minimaal zijn: je hebt nog niet gegeten, geen cafe&#239;ne gedronken en (hopelijk) geen stress of inspanning gehad. Hierdoor reflecteert je meting vooral je baseline-autonome staat. Maar als 's ochtends niet haalbaar is, kun je ook een ander vast moment kiezen, bijvoorbeeld voor het avondeten of voor het slapengaan, zolang je dit consistent toepast.</p><h2>Verschillende manieren om variabiliteit te beschrijven</h2><p>HRV kan op verschillende manieren worden uitgedrukt. De meest gebruikte methoden zijn zogenaamde <em>tijdsdomein-metingen</em> en <em>frequentiedomein-metingen.</em></p><h3>Tijdsdomein-metingen: simpel en direct</h3><p>Deze metingen beschrijven de variabiliteit in tijd, zonder verdere wiskundige transformaties. Er zijn drie veelvoorkomende manieren waarop dan geteld kan worden. Dat zijn achtereenvolgens:</p><ol><li><p>SDNN (Standard Deviation of NN intervals) is de standaarddeviatie van alle R-R intervallen en geeft een globaal beeld van totale HRV.</p></li><li><p>RMSSD (Root Mean Square of Successive Differences) meet de variabiliteit tussen opeenvolgende hartslagen. </p></li><li><p>pNN50 (percentage of NN intervals differing by &gt;50ms) geeft het percentage van opeenvolgende hartslagen die meer dan vijftig milliseconden verschillen. </p></li></ol><p>Het voordeel van tijdsdomein-metingen is dat ze eenvoudig te begrijpen zijn, minder vatbaar voor technische artefacten, en goed bruikbaar voor dagelijkse tracking. Omdat het hele verhaal nogal technisch is, ga ik over deze meet- en telmethode in deze voetnoot<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a> de diepte in.</p><h3>Frequentiedomein-metingen: de componenten gescheiden</h3><p>Via een zogenaamde spectraalanalyse (een wiskundige techniek gebaseerd op Fourier-transformatie) kan HRV worden opgesplitst in verschillende frequentiebanden. Dit toont vervolgens de verschillende bronnen van variabiliteit (zie ook hierboven, bij <em>Mechanismen achter de variatie</em>). In deze voetnoot<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> leg ik dat uit, als je er technisch in ge&#239;nteresseerd bent.</p><p>Het voordeel van frequentiedomein-metingen is dat ze verschillende bronnen van variabiliteit kunnen onderscheiden en nuttig zijn voor onderzoek naar specifieke mechanismen. Maar ze zijn complexer en vatbaarder voor meetfouten.</p><h2>Wat is een &#8220;goede&#8221; HRV?</h2><p>Er is geen universeel getal dat &#8220;goed&#8221; of &#8220;slecht&#8221; is. HRV hangt af van leeftijd (HRV daalt met het ouder worden), fitheid (sporters hebben meestal hogere HRV), geslacht (mannen hebben vaak iets hogere HRV dan vrouwen), genetica (erfelijke verschillen bestaan), context (rust, slaap, activiteit, stress) en gezondheid (chronische ziekten verlagen HRV).</p><p>Belangrijker dan absolute waarden zijn trends over tijd. Is je HRV aan het stijgen of dalen? Hoe snel komt je HRV terug na inspanning of stress? Reageert je HRV flexibel op veranderende omstandigheden?</p><p>Dan heb ik toch enkele waarden voor je op een rijtje gezet:<br>Hoger is meestal beter, maar het gaat dan vooral om hoog voor j&#243;u.</p><p>Een paar grove richtwaarden (voor de veelgebruikte maat RMSSD):<br>&lt; 20 ms &#8594; laag (vaak stress, vermoeidheid, ontregeling)<br>20&#8211;40 ms &#8594; gemiddeld<br>40&#8211;70 ms &#8594; goed<br>70+ ms &#8594; zeer goed (vaak bij fitte, goed gereguleerde mensen)</p><p>Maar let op: een stabiele HRV van 35 die goed past bij jouw lichaam is &#8220;gezonder&#8221; dan een grillige HRV van 60. Als je het simpel wilt houden, kun je zeggen dat je HRV goed is als:</p><ul><li><p>hij redelijk stabiel is,</p></li><li><p>hij past bij jouw leeftijd en conditie,</p></li><li><p>hij daalt bij stress en weer herstelt,</p></li><li><p>jij je over het algemeen energiek en veerkrachtig voelt.</p></li></ul><h2>HRV verbeteren: wat kun je doen?</h2><p>Het goede nieuws is dat je HRV niet in steen gebeiteld is. Je kunt het be&#239;nvloeden door je leefstijl aan te passen. Een kleine greep uit de mogelijkheden:</p><h3>Regelmatige beweging, maar met mate</h3><p>Matige aerobe training zoals wandelen, fietsen of zwemmen, drie tot vijf keer per week, werkt goed. Ook intervaltraining (afwisselend intensief en rustig) is effectief. Yoga, <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/tai-chi">Tai Chi</a> en <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/qigong">Qigong</a> combineren beweging, ademhaling en <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mindfulness">mindfulness</a>. Let wel op: overtraining heeft een tegengesteld effect. Herstel is even belangrijk als training.</p><h3>Ademhalingsoefeningen</h3><p>Langzaam en diep ademhalen is een van de meest directe manieren om HRV te verhogen. Een langzame ademhaling (vijf tot zes ademhalingen per minuut) stimuleert de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/nervus-vagus">nervus vagus</a>. Een langere uitademing dan inademing activeert het parasympathische systeem en verhoogt direct de RSA-component van HRV.</p><p>Een eenvoudige oefening: adem vier tot vijf seconden in door je neus, adem zes tot acht seconden uit door je neus of mond, herhaal dit vijf tot tien minuten, en doe dit dagelijks. Geavanceerde methoden omvatten HRV-biofeedback (adem op je &#8220;resonantiefrequentie&#8221; met visuele feedback, meestal rond zes ademhalingen per minuut) en coherente ademhaling (HeartMath-methode).</p><h3>Mindfulness en meditatie</h3><p>Meditatieve praktijken zijn effectief bewezen om HRV te verhogen. <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mindfulness">Mindfulness</a>-meditatie richt zich op aandacht voor het moment zonder oordeel. <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/compassie">Compassie</a>-meditatie cultiveert positieve gevoelens. <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/veerkrachttraining">Regelmatige meditatie</a> van bijvoorbeeld twintig minuten per dag kan HRV structureel verhogen. Al na enkele weken is een merkbaar effect te zien.</p><h3>Slaaphygi&#235;ne</h3><p>Optimaliseer je slaap door een regelmatig slaapritme aan te houden (zelfde bed- en opsta-tijd), zeven tot negen uur per nacht te slapen, en voor een donkere, koele slaapkamer te zorgen (zestien tot negentien graden Celsius is ideaal). Vermijd schermen &#233;&#233;n tot twee uur voor bedtijd (blauw licht remt melatonine). Drink geen cafe&#239;ne na twee uur &#8217;s middags en vermijd alcohol (dit verstoort diepe slaap).</p><h3>Sociale verbinding en co-regulatie</h3><p>Positieve sociale interacties verhogen de HRV. Breng tijd door met geliefden en vrienden, zoek fysiek contact (knuffelen, aanraking) en onderneem samen ontspannende activiteiten. Ons <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/autonoom-zenuwstelsel">autonome zenuwstelsel</a> kan <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/co-regulatie">co-reguleren</a> (&#8220;afstemmen&#8221;) met dat van anderen. In veilige, verbonden interacties kunnen beide personen een verhoogde HRV ervaren. Dit is een kernprincipe uit de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagaaltheorie</a>.</p><h3>Groene omgeving</h3><p>Tijd doorbrengen in de natuur verhoogt de HRV, verlaagt stresshormonen (cortisol) en verbetert de stemming. Wandelen in bos of park, of tuinieren, allemaal goed! Zelfs uitzicht hebben op groen is al helpend.</p><h3>Muziek en geluid</h3><p>Rustgevende muziek kan de HRV verhogen. Denk aan langzame, harmonische muziek (zestig tot tachtig beats per minuut), natuurgeluiden (golven, regen, bos), of binaural beats (omstreden, maar sommige mensen ervaren effect).</p><h2>Net zo belangrijk: vermijd wat HRV schaadt</h2><p>Om dweilen met de kraan open te vermijden, is het handig om chronische stress uit je leven te bannen (zoek hulp, train <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mindfulness">mindfulness</a>, pas werkbelasting aan), evenals roken, alcohol, langdurig zitten (sta elk uur even op, beweeg), slaaptekort en junkfood.</p><h2>HRV en de polyvagaaltheorie</h2><p>De <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagaaltheorie</a> biedt een interessant neurobiologisch kader om HRV te begrijpen binnen een evolutionair en relationeel perspectief. Hierbij is vooral de RSA-component van belang, waarover ik de komende tijd meer zal schrijven.</p><h2>Toekomstperspectieven</h2><p>Het veld van HRV-onderzoek groeit snel. Door continue HRV-monitoring kunnen interventies op maat worden aangeboden. Just-in-time interventies zijn mogelijk, waarbij een app een ademhalingsoefening stuurt als de HRV daalt. Personalized coaching via AI analyseert HRV-patronen en geeft gepersonaliseerd advies.</p><p>HRV wordt steeds vaker gecombineerd met andere biomarkers zoals slaapfasen (via EEG of accelerometer), activiteitenniveau (via bewegingssensoren), huidgeleiding (electrodermal activity), lichaamstemperatuur en bloedsuiker (bij diabetici). Dit geeft een multi-dimensionaal beeld van de fysiologische gezondheid.</p><p>HRV kan een rol spelen in vroege detectie van cardiovasculaire risico&#8217;s, burn-out en overbelasting en van depressie (de HRV daalt vaak v&#243;&#243;r symptomen verschijnen).</p><p>HRV-biofeedback wordt steeds toegankelijker via apps met real-time feedback, VR-omgevingen die reageren op HRV, en games die je leren je autonome staat te reguleren.</p><p>Actuele onderzoeksrichtingen omvatten HRV en het immuunsysteem, HRV en het darmmicrobioom, HRV en neuroplasticiteit, en HRV bij neurodiversiteit (autisme, ADHD).</p><h2>Conclusie</h2><p><strong>Heart Rate Variability</strong> of <strong>Hartslagvariabiliteit</strong> is meer dan een technische meting: het is een venster op de veerkracht van je systeem, een spiegel van je autonome flexibiliteit, en een biomarker van welzijn en gezondheid.</p><p>Een hoge HRV duidt op een adaptief, veerkrachtig systeem dat kan schakelen tussen rust en actie, tussen herstel en prestatie, tussen verbinding en focus. Het weerspiegelt je vermogen om te reageren op een dynamische, veeleisende wereld zonder vast te lopen in rigiditeit of uitputting.</p><p>Het is fijn dat je HRV niet vastligt. Door bewuste keuzes (regelmatige beweging, gezonde slaap, ademhalingsoefeningen, zinvolle sociale verbindingen, mindfulness) kun je je HRV positief be&#239;nvloeden en daarmee je gezondheid ondersteunen.</p><p>Het omgaan met HRV vraagt om nuance en context. Het is geen wondermiddel, geen vervanging voor professionele zorg, en geen absoluut getal dat &#8220;succes&#8221; of &#8220;falen&#8221; definieert. Het is meer een kompas dan een bestemming; een hulpmiddel om jezelf beter te leren kennen, patronen te herkennen en om op je pad naar welzijn te kunnen navigeren.</p><p>In een tijd waarin stress, burn-out en chronische ziekten toenemen, biedt HRV een wetenschappelijk gefundeerde, toegankelijke manier om preventief te werken aan gezondheid. Het nodigt uit tot zelfonderzoek, zelfredzaamheid en zelfcompassie en tot het erkennen dat ons lichaam voortdurend met ons communiceert, als we maar leren luisteren.</p><h2>Bronnen</h2><p><em>Een niet-complete lijst van geraadpleegde bronnen:</em></p><p>Porges, S.W. (1995). Orienting in a defensive world: Mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage. <em>Psychophysiology</em>, 32(4), 301-318.</p><p>Porges, S.W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. <em>Biological Psychology</em>, 74(2), 116-143.</p><p>Grossman, P., &amp; Taylor, E.W. (2007). Toward understanding respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Relations to cardiac vagal tone, evolution and biobehavioral functions. <em>Biological Psychology</em>, 74(2), 263-285.</p><p>Porges, S.W. (2023). The Vagal Paradox: A Polyvagal Solution. <em>Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology</em>, 16, 100200.</p><p>Shaffer, F., &amp; Ginsberg, J.P. (2017). An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms. <em>Frontiers in Public Health</em>, 5, 258.</p><p>Thayer, J.F., &amp; Lane, R.D. (2009). Claude Bernard and the heart-brain connection: Further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration. <em>Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews</em>, 33(2), 81-88.</p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Dit artikel maakt deel uit van het <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/relaxicon">Relaxicon</a> op RelaxMore.net.</strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Als je dit artikel lezenswaardig vond en (nog) geen betaald abonnement wilt, mag je me ook trakteren op een cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Sorry voor deze uitweiding, maar het is ook om precies te zijn in de omschrijving, anders krijgen we spraakverwarring.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Eigenlijk is dat niet helemaal correct: 80% van de vezels in de nervus vagus is afferent, dat willen zeggen dat zij 'lopen&#8217; vanuit de organen naar de hersenstam. Dus eigenlijk &#8216;loopt&#8217; de nervus vagus omhoog.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Hier is het nodig een belangrijke, maar technische precisering aan te brengen. HRV is geen enkelvoudig signaal dat bestaat uit drie &#8220;opgetelde&#8221; ritmes, maar een samenstelling van meerdere frequentiecomponenten, elk met een andere fysiologische oorsprong. De gebruikelijke indeling kent drie <em>banden</em>:</p><p><strong>High frequency (HF, 0,15 &#8211; 0,4 Hz). </strong>Synchroon met de ademhaling, dit is de RSA. Wordt gezien als de meest directe weerspiegeling van parasympathische (ventraal vagale) activiteit. Ademfrequentie en amplitude be&#239;nvloeden hier sterk.</p><p><strong>Low frequency (LF, 0,04 &#8211; 0,15 Hz)</strong>. Hier wordt het al ingewikkelder. De klassieke opvatting was dat de LF-band en de LF/HF-ratio een betrouwbare index vormden voor sympatische activiteit, respectievelijk voor de balans tussen sympaticus en parasympaticus. Dat beeld is inmiddels grondig bijgesteld: nieuwer onderzoek laat zien dat LF sterk wordt be&#239;nvloed door parasympathische activiteit en door baroreflex-regulatie, en dat de LF/HF-ratio geen valide maat is voor autonome balans. LF weerspiegelt een complex en nog niet volledig begrepen samenspel van regulatiesystemen.</p><p><strong>Very low frequency (VLF, 0,003 &#8211; 0,04 Hz)</strong>. De traagste oscillaties, minuten tot tientallen minuten lang. Fysiologisch minder goed begrepen, maar geassocieerd met thermoregulatie, het renine-angiotensinesysteem en intrinsieke cardiale regulatie.</p><p>HRV bestaat uit meerdere ritmes die simultaan aanwezig zijn in het hartslagsignaal en via frequentieanalyse van elkaar worden onderscheiden. Ze zijn niet strikt gescheiden, maar overlappend, en elk vertelt iets anders over de autonome toestand. De formulering &#8220;drie separate ritmes die samen HRV vormen&#8221; die ik gebruik, is didactisch bruikbaar, maar iets preciezer zou zijn: drie frequentiebanden die elk een ander aspect van autonome regulatie weerspiegelen, en die samen het totale HRV-signaal opbouwen. Het zijn componenten van hetzelfde signaal, geen afzonderlijke ritmes die worden opgeteld.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Zoals je kunt zien, zien de R-toppen op een ECG er verschillend uit in de verschillende &#8216;segmenten&#8217; (afleidingen genoemd). Dat heeft te maken met dat iedere afleiding een andere elektrische &#8216;meethoek&#8217; heeft. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Tijdsdomein-metingen: simpel en direct</strong></p><p>Deze metingen beschrijven de variabiliteit in tijd, zonder verdere wiskundige transformaties. Er zijn drie veelvoorkomende manieren waarop dan geteld kan worden. Dat zijn achtereenvolgens:</p><ol><li><p>SDNN (Standard Deviation of NN intervals) is de standaarddeviatie van alle R-R intervallen en geeft een globaal beeld van totale HRV. Deze maat is gevoelig voor alle bronnen van variabiliteit (ademhaling, baroreflex, circadiaans ritme). Typische waarden liggen tussen de twintig en tweehonderd milliseconden, afhankelijk van meetduur en context.</p></li><li><p>RMSSD (Root Mean Square of Successive Differences) meet de variabiliteit tussen opeenvolgende hartslagen. Deze maat is gevoeliger voor kortetermijn, parasympathische (vagale) invloed en minder gevoelig voor langzame trends. Typische waarden bij volwassenen in rust liggen tussen vijftien en honderd milliseconden.</p></li><li><p>pNN50 (percentage of NN intervals differing by &gt;50ms) geeft het percentage van opeenvolgende hartslagen die meer dan vijftig milliseconden verschillen. Ook dit is een maat voor parasympathische activiteit. Typische waarden liggen tussen vijf en vijftig procent, afhankelijk van leeftijd en fitheid.</p></li></ol><p>Het voordeel van tijdsdomein-metingen is dat ze eenvoudig te begrijpen zijn, minder vatbaar voor technische artefacten, en goed bruikbaar voor dagelijkse tracking.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Frequentiedomein-metingen: de componenten gescheiden</strong></p><p>Via spectrale analyse (een wiskundige techniek gebaseerd op Fourier-transformatie) kan HRV worden opgesplitst in verschillende frequentie-banden. Dit onthult de verschillende bronnen van variabiliteit:</p><ul><li><p>HF power (High Frequency, 0,15-0,4 Hz) komt overeen met de ademhalingsfrequentie (ongeveer negen tot vierentwintig ademhalingen per minuut) en reflecteert primair parasympathische (vagale) activiteit. Dit is de ademhalingsgekoppelde variatie (RSA). Hogere HF power betekent meer vagale invloed.</p></li><li><p>LF power (Low Frequency, 0,04-0,15 Hz) betreft langzamere oscillaties met een cyclus van zeven tot vijfentwintig seconden. Lang werd gedacht dat dit &#8220;sympathische activiteit&#8221; reflecteerde, maar dat is onjuist. Deze maat reflecteert vooral de baroreflex (bloeddrukregulatie) en bevat zowel sympathische als parasympathische componenten. Ook dorsale vagale activiteit kan hier een rol spelen.</p></li><li><p>VLF power (Very Low Frequency, &lt;0,04 Hz) betreft zeer langzame oscillaties met een cyclus van meer dan vijfentwintig seconden. Deze worden be&#239;nvloed door thermische regulatie, hormonale systemen en circadiaanse ritmes. Het mechanisme is nog niet volledig begrepen en deze maat is vooral relevant bij vierentwintig-uurs metingen.</p></li><li><p>De LF/HF ratio is de verhouding tussen LF en HF power. Deze wordt vaak (verkeerd) ge&#239;nterpreteerd als &#8220;sympatho-vagale balans&#8221;. Let op: deze interpretatie is niet gevalideerd en wordt door experts afgeraden (zie Grossman &amp; Taylor, 2007). Het is beter om LF en HF afzonderlijk te bekijken.</p></li></ul><p>Het voordeel van frequentiedomein-metingen is dat ze verschillende bronnen van variabiliteit kunnen onderscheiden en nuttig zijn voor onderzoek naar specifieke mechanismen. Maar ze zijn complexer en vatbaarder voor meetfouten.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Na je mindfulness- of compassietraining verder oefenen]]></title><description><![CDATA[Want je bent nooit "af"... Na 8 weken heb je de gereedschappen om zelf verder te kunnen trainen; de training zelf is nog niet af.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/na-je-mindfulness-of-compassietraining-verder-oefenen</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/na-je-mindfulness-of-compassietraining-verder-oefenen</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 08:39:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsQ2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb346ba3f-d538-488e-8377-6265c719de67_2048x1365.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsQ2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb346ba3f-d538-488e-8377-6265c719de67_2048x1365.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsQ2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb346ba3f-d538-488e-8377-6265c719de67_2048x1365.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsQ2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb346ba3f-d538-488e-8377-6265c719de67_2048x1365.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsQ2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb346ba3f-d538-488e-8377-6265c719de67_2048x1365.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsQ2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb346ba3f-d538-488e-8377-6265c719de67_2048x1365.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsQ2!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb346ba3f-d538-488e-8377-6265c719de67_2048x1365.webp" width="1200" height="799.4505494505495" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b346ba3f-d538-488e-8377-6265c719de67_2048x1365.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:970,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:185790,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsQ2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb346ba3f-d538-488e-8377-6265c719de67_2048x1365.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsQ2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb346ba3f-d538-488e-8377-6265c719de67_2048x1365.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsQ2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb346ba3f-d538-488e-8377-6265c719de67_2048x1365.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsQ2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb346ba3f-d538-488e-8377-6265c719de67_2048x1365.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/_CFv3bntQlQ?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Jeremy Bishop</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/search/photos/surfing?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>Oefening baart kunst</h2><p>Regelmatig hoorden deelnemers mij tijdens hun <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mindfulness">mindfulness</a>- of <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/compassie">compassietraining</a> zeggen: &#8220;<em>Oefening baart kunst&#8221;</em>. Meestal er nog achteraan: <em>&#8220;En niet oefenen baart helemaal niets&#8221;</em>. Jon Kabat-Zinn zei het op zijn manier: <em>&#8220;You don&#8217;t have to like it, just do it&#8221;</em>. Dat klinkt misschien dreigend, maar gelukkig wordt de soep niet zo heet gegeten als hij wordt opgediend.</p><h2>Na 8 weken</h2><p>In de laatste les van de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mindfulness">online mindfulnesstraining</a> is er ruim aandacht voor tips en trucs over het voortzetten van de beoefening n&#225; de training. Dit wordt aangeraden om meerdere redenen: het is prettig om te doen (zeker als je je eigen oefening mag kiezen; zie verderop) en het is een belangrijke en gezonde manier van zelfzorg. Van tijd tot tijd even verstillen en uit de maalstroom van het dagelijkse gedoe stappen. Tevens een uitstekende burn-outpreventie.</p><p>Daarbij is het van belang te beseffen dat na een 8-weekse training het trainingsproces nog niet is afgelopen. Na 8 weken heb je de gereedschappen om zelf verder te kunnen trainen, maar de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mediteren-is-gezond">training zelf is nog niet af</a>. Ik had iets soortgelijks bij het gaan trainen in een sportschool: na een week of 4 kon ik mezelf redden met de toestellen en had ik geen begeleiding en instructie meer nodig. Maar mijn kracht en conditie waren nog niet op peil; ik ging (en ga nog steeds) door met trainen. Zo is het ook met meditatie en mindfulness.</p><h2>Tips en trucs</h2><p>Hoe kun je op een verstandige en haalbare manier de mindfulness- of aandachttraining onderhouden? Ik bespreek hieronder een aantal van de mogelijkheden die ook in de achtste les aan de orde komen. Aanvullen mag in de comments of via <a href="mailto:ronald@relaxmore.nl">de e-mail</a>.</p><h3>Voor jezelf de training herhalen</h3><p>Iedere deelnemer aan de online mindfulnesstraining houdt toegang tot de online leeromgeving, waarin alle teksten in lees- en printbare vorm staan en waar ik ook nog eens alle teksten ingesproken heb. Daarnaast vind je daar natuurlijk de meditatieoefeningen. Deze zijn te downloaden en kunnen dus levenslang gebruikt worden. </p><p>Dus wat let je om vandaag opnieuw met les 1 van de training te beginnen? Speciaal voor dat doel heb ik een &#8220;reset-knop&#8221; ingebouwd, waarmee je in &#233;&#233;n keer de hele training kunt resetten op nul, alsof je hem nog niet eerder hebt gedaan. De teksten zijn niet ingewikkeld, maar prettig en inspirerend om te lezen. Wat ik zelf ook ervaarde, is dat je bij herlezing weer nieuwe dingen ontdekt en dat teksten meer (of ineens wel) &#8220;binnenkomen&#8221;. </p><p>Ik weet van een aantal cursisten dat zij meerdere malen hun training opnieuw hebben gedaan. Af en toe ontvang ik een bericht van een ex-deelnemer die meedeed in de tijd dat ik nog live-groepstrainingen gaf en die de cd&#8217;s kwijt is. Dit betekent ten eerste dat het jaren geleden is dat deze persoon deelnam, want ik gebruik al meer dan 10 jaar geen cd&#8217;s meer. Ten tweede, en veel belangrijker: een heel mooi teken dat de beoefening weer opgepakt wordt!</p><p>Laat me direct een misverstand de wereld uit helpen: iedereen heeft wel eens een &#8216;dip&#8217; in het oefenen, dat geeft niets. Je kunt het altijd opnieuw oppakken; de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mindfulness">mindfulness</a>- of compassiebeoefening is nooit weggegooid. Wat dat betreft is mindfulness trainen net als leren fietsen. Ook al fiets je tien jaar niet, je kunt het nog. Je fiets heeft waarschijnlijk een onderhoudsbeurtje nodig, maar daarna fiets je weer zo weg! <br><strong>Welkom op de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/veerkrachttraining">Veerkrachttraining</a> dus &#128521;.</strong></p><h3>Online meditatie-uurtjes</h3><p>Ik heb jarenlang bijna iedere maand een online meditatie-uur verzorgd; een maandelijks moment waarop je welkom was om online in een groep te oefenen, om met eventuele vragen terecht te kunnen en om nieuwe inspiratie op te doen. Hiermee ga ik later dit jaar weer beginnen!</p><p>Als je abonnee bent op <strong>RelaxMore.net</strong>, blijf je op de hoogte.</p><h3>Aandachtig bewegen</h3><p>Lessen volgen in <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/tai-chi">Tai Chi</a> of <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/qigong">Qigong</a> is een prima manier om de training in zorgzame aandacht en compassie voort te zetten, in een belangrijke &#233;n praktisch toepasbare vorm.<br>Belangrijk omdat:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XmWi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb2ec14f-81f1-431f-84e8-106286c1d8f5_1024x683.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XmWi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb2ec14f-81f1-431f-84e8-106286c1d8f5_1024x683.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XmWi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb2ec14f-81f1-431f-84e8-106286c1d8f5_1024x683.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XmWi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb2ec14f-81f1-431f-84e8-106286c1d8f5_1024x683.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XmWi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb2ec14f-81f1-431f-84e8-106286c1d8f5_1024x683.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XmWi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb2ec14f-81f1-431f-84e8-106286c1d8f5_1024x683.jpeg" width="721" height="480.9013671875" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/db2ec14f-81f1-431f-84e8-106286c1d8f5_1024x683.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:683,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:721,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Chi Kung in het park tijdens Wereld Tai Chi Dag 2018 (foto: Rob Feber)&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Chi Kung in het park tijdens Wereld Tai Chi Dag 2018 (foto: Rob Feber)&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Chi Kung in het park tijdens Wereld Tai Chi Dag 2018 (foto: Rob Feber)" title="Chi Kung in het park tijdens Wereld Tai Chi Dag 2018 (foto: Rob Feber)" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XmWi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb2ec14f-81f1-431f-84e8-106286c1d8f5_1024x683.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XmWi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb2ec14f-81f1-431f-84e8-106286c1d8f5_1024x683.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XmWi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb2ec14f-81f1-431f-84e8-106286c1d8f5_1024x683.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XmWi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb2ec14f-81f1-431f-84e8-106286c1d8f5_1024x683.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: Rob Feber</figcaption></figure></div><ol><li><p>stress voornamelijk in het lichaam zit, ook als je voor je gevoel &#8220;alleen maar&#8221; een druk hoofd hebt;</p></li><li><p>het lichaam zich in de loop van de tijd tal van ongezonde beweegpatronen heeft ingeprent;</p></li><li><p>het leerzaam is om te ontdekken wat het effect is op gedachten en gevoel van een bepaalde beweging of van bewegen met een veel zachtere en aandachtiger kwaliteit;</p></li><li><p>je leert binnen je grenzen te bewegen, je lichaam dus minder te overbelasten en t&#243;ch krachtig te zijn; </p></li><li><p>aandachtig bewegen verzachting geeft in het lichaam, waardoor de adem vrijer kan stromen en via deze weg ook meer rust in de geest geeft;</p></li><li><p>bewegen volgens de Tai Chi en Qigong principes traint voornamelijk de pezen en <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/fascia">bindweefsels</a>, die veel belangrijker zijn voor onze veerkracht (letterlijk en figuurlijk) dan spieren;</p></li><li><p>Tai Chi en Qigong hebben talloze andere gezondheidsvoordelen.</p></li></ol><p><a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/tai-chi">Tai Chi</a> en <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/qigong">Qigong</a> zijn in het leven toepasbaar. Zo doen we in de Tai Chi les af en toe partneroefeningen waarbij we letterlijk gaan ontdekken hoe we omgaan met druk die op ons uitgeoefend wordt, of waar we onderzoeken hoe we een ander moeiteloos en zonder strijd in beweging kunnen krijgen. Leuke en speelse oefeningen, die daarnaast direct vertaalbaar zijn naar het dagelijks leven.</p><p>Toegenomen lichaamsbewustzijn maakt dat je je sneller bewust bent van het opbouwen van spanning en kunt kiezen daar anders mee om te gaan dan je patroon is.</p><h3>Andere MP3&#8217;s of apps</h3><p>De hedendaagse technologie brengt ons natuurlijk niet alleen maar stress en ongemak. Er zijn ook apps die ondersteunend zijn. Ondergetekende heeft een bijdrage geleverd aan <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/nl/app/de-mindfulness-app/id417071430?mt=8">d&#233; Mindfulness App</a> (of <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=se.lichtenstein.mind.en&amp;hl=nl">via Google play</a>).<br>Ook <a href="https://insighttimer.com/">Insight Timer</a> is een mooie app waar ik een <a href="https://insighttimer.com/relaxmore">aantal meditaties heb geplaatst</a>.</p><h3>Lezen</h3><p>Tijdens de training raad ik meestal af om meer te lezen over mindfulness. Oefenen is veel belangrijker.</p><p>N&#225; de training kan lezen echter zeer inspirerend zijn om verder te oefenen. Hier is mijn persoonlijke favoriet:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVJ2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3367588-7ed8-4988-bea6-46ba4c602631_403x630.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVJ2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3367588-7ed8-4988-bea6-46ba4c602631_403x630.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVJ2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3367588-7ed8-4988-bea6-46ba4c602631_403x630.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVJ2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3367588-7ed8-4988-bea6-46ba4c602631_403x630.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVJ2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3367588-7ed8-4988-bea6-46ba4c602631_403x630.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVJ2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3367588-7ed8-4988-bea6-46ba4c602631_403x630.jpeg" width="315" height="492.4317617866005" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b3367588-7ed8-4988-bea6-46ba4c602631_403x630.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:630,&quot;width&quot;:403,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:315,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Relax More - Na je training verder oefenen 1&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Relax More - Na je training verder oefenen 1&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Relax More - Na je training verder oefenen 1" title="Relax More - Na je training verder oefenen 1" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVJ2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3367588-7ed8-4988-bea6-46ba4c602631_403x630.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVJ2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3367588-7ed8-4988-bea6-46ba4c602631_403x630.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVJ2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3367588-7ed8-4988-bea6-46ba4c602631_403x630.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVJ2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3367588-7ed8-4988-bea6-46ba4c602631_403x630.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Mindfulness, in de maalstroom van je leven</em>, van Edel Maex. Korte hoofdstukjes, mooie taal, to-the-point. Veel meer heb je niet nodig (en nee, ik heb geen aandelen). Andere boekentips zijn welkom in de comments.</p><h3>Aandacht in andere activiteiten</h3><p>Een oefening is ook maar een oefening. In de mindfulnesstraining is het aantal en de diversiteit van de oefeningen beperkt en dat heeft ook een trainingsdoel. Maar feitelijk kan iedere activiteit met zorgzame aandacht gedaan worden. Dat is goed om je te realiseren, omdat je dan eigenlijk altijd wel een meditatievorm kunt vinden die bij je past. Ik merk regelmatig dat deelnemers na een mindfulnesstraining toe zijn aan andere meditatievormen. Helemaal prima, en dan komen de mindfulness-audio&#8217;s ook vanzelf wel weer een keer uit de virtuele kast.</p><p>Een aantal activiteiten die heel goed mindful gedaan kunnen worden &#8211; of die niet <em>niet-mindful</em> gedaan kunnen worden &#129322; &#8211; en die ik steevast noem, zijn:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1s5d!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c34d538-dd1a-49c4-9cef-3ecbc4c7f335_1024x683.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1s5d!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c34d538-dd1a-49c4-9cef-3ecbc4c7f335_1024x683.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1s5d!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c34d538-dd1a-49c4-9cef-3ecbc4c7f335_1024x683.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1s5d!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c34d538-dd1a-49c4-9cef-3ecbc4c7f335_1024x683.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1s5d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c34d538-dd1a-49c4-9cef-3ecbc4c7f335_1024x683.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1s5d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c34d538-dd1a-49c4-9cef-3ecbc4c7f335_1024x683.jpeg" width="555" height="370.1806640625" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5c34d538-dd1a-49c4-9cef-3ecbc4c7f335_1024x683.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:683,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:555,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Relax More - Pianospelen moet je ook oefenen&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Relax More - Pianospelen moet je ook oefenen&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Relax More - Pianospelen moet je ook oefenen" title="Relax More - Pianospelen moet je ook oefenen" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1s5d!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c34d538-dd1a-49c4-9cef-3ecbc4c7f335_1024x683.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1s5d!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c34d538-dd1a-49c4-9cef-3ecbc4c7f335_1024x683.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1s5d!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c34d538-dd1a-49c4-9cef-3ecbc4c7f335_1024x683.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1s5d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c34d538-dd1a-49c4-9cef-3ecbc4c7f335_1024x683.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><ol><li><p>wandelen (aandachtig lopen, in contact zijn met de buitenlucht en [hopelijk ook] de natuur, ademen);</p></li><li><p>zingen in een koor of muziek maken met anderen (luisteren naar anderen &#233;n naar jezelf, werken met adem, genieten);</p></li><li><p>alleen zingen of musiceren (luisteren naar jezelf, werken met adem, experimenteren, genieten);</p></li><li><p>sporten (bewegen, luisteren naar je lichaam, verstandig[er] omgaan met grenzen);</p></li><li><p>iedere andere vorm van creativiteit die bij je past. Mensen denken soms dat ze niet creatief zijn, maar ook dat kun je oefenen. Het kan echt een mooie ontdekkingsreis zijn.</p></li></ol><p>Daarnaast is er &#233;&#233;n activiteit waar het beslist de moeite loont om mindfulness en compassie in de praktijk te brengen, namelijk: <strong>je leven</strong>. Boodschappen doen, gras maaien, e-mailen. Met je familie en vrienden omgaan, vakantie vieren, grenzen trekken, tv kijken (of wat minder) en andere schermtijd. </p><h2>Alleen of niet?</h2><p>Ik heb zelf jarenlang alleen gemediteerd. Iedere avond ging ik naar boven en zat dan een half uur op m&#8217;n meditatiekussen stil te wezen, mijn geloken blik zacht rustend op de overgang van de vloer naar de kast. Ging prima hoor, maar eigenlijk raad ik het niemand aan om dit als enige meditatievorm te doen. Het is veel inspirerender en leerzamer om minstens af en toe <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/veerkrachttraining">met anderen te mediteren</a>. </p><h2>Samenvattend</h2><p>Ook al heb je in je <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mindfulness">mindfulness-</a> of <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/compassie">compassietraining</a> een aantal &#8216;formele&#8217; meditatietechnieken geoefend, de kunst is om het daarnaast mee te nemen het echte leven in en oefenvormen te vinden die ondersteunend zijn.</p><p>Laat je in je keuze niet beperken door je verwachtingen of door te denken dat alleen de oefeningen uit de training geschikt zijn. Laat nieuwsgierigheid en plezier belangrijke leidraden zijn bij het maken van keuzes.</p><p>Heb je nog vragen of suggesties?<br>Laat in de comments hieronder van je horen...</p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Als je dit artikel lezenswaardig vond en (nog) geen betaald abonnement wilt, mag je me ook trakteren op een cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Trauma Is Not a Memory: Insights from Dr. Bessel van der Kolk]]></title><description><![CDATA[In a compelling interview, Dr. Bessel van der Kolk&#8212;one of the most influential psychiatrists of our time&#8212;shares his insights on trauma and its lasting effects on body, brain, and mind.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/trauma-is-not-a-memory</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/trauma-is-not-a-memory</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 29 Mar 2026 09:20:48 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!voEM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!voEM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!voEM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!voEM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!voEM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!voEM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!voEM!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png" width="1200" height="800.2747252747253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:3699478,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/159700186?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!voEM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!voEM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!voEM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!voEM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fba62f9-ae87-4d43-a5da-32478517c2e4_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#169; Relax More</figcaption></figure></div><h2>Introduction</h2><p>In a compelling interview, Dr. Bessel van der Kolk&#8212;one of the most influential psychiatrists of our time&#8212;shares his insights on trauma and its lasting effects on body, brain, and mind. His work, expressed most powerfully in the bestseller <em>The Body Keeps the Score</em>, has transformed the way the world understands psychological distress and trauma. Rather than viewing trauma as a mental problem, he emphasizes that it is above all a bodily and relational wound&#8212;a disruption in the way we experience ourselves and others.</p><p>The interview&#8212;with the populist title &#8220;The Body Trauma Expert: This Eye Movement Trick Can Fix Your Trauma! The Body Keeps the Score!&#8221;&#8212;runs for two hours. It was well worth watching, and I have written this summary article about it&#8212;though it has grown rather long&#8212;with a link to the interview at the bottom.</p><h2>Trauma Is Not a Memory, But a Reliving</h2><p>One of Van der Kolk&#8217;s most striking claims is that <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/trauma">trauma</a> does not unfold only in the mind but literally becomes lodged in the body. It is not a bad memory but an experience that is relived over and over again as if it is happening in the here and now. This is visible in brain scans: when people re-experience a traumatic event, the rational part of the brain shuts down while the emotional networks become overactive. The sense of time dissolves. What factually belongs to the past feels as though it is happening now.</p><p>This also explains why talking about trauma does not always help. &#8220;Trauma is a speechless terror,&#8221; says Van der Kolk. &#8220;You cannot reason people out of their pain, because in that moment their brain is not functioning rationally.&#8221; This makes traditional approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy often insufficient. They focus on &#8216;correcting&#8217; thought patterns, while trauma disrupts the neurological structures that lie far beneath conscious thought.</p><h2>The Impact of Early Childhood</h2><p>In his clinical practice, Van der Kolk sees time and again how devastating childhood trauma can be&#8212;and how common it is. Around 90% of his patients struggle with the consequences of a difficult childhood. But trauma need not always have been visible or violent. The deepest scars often arise from neglect, belittlement, or the feeling of being unwanted. Children who are consistently made to feel they are not relevant develop a fundamental sense of unsafety. &#8220;You become how you are seen,&#8221; he says. &#8220;If no one really sees you, you essentially do not exist.&#8221;</p><p>It is precisely these so-called &#8216;small-t &#8217;traumas&#8217;&#8212;critical remarks, subtle rejections, emotional absence&#8212;that embed themselves deep within identity. Children often draw the conclusion that something is wrong with themselves because their environment has taught them this implicitly or explicitly. That self-image travels with them into adulthood. So these &#8216;small-t traumas&#8217; are not so small after all&#8230;</p><h2>The Body as Gateway to Healing</h2><p>Because trauma affects the body so fundamentally, Van der Kolk has advocated for body-oriented therapies for decades. <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/qigong">Qigong</a>, dance, massage, and theatre&#8212;these are not alternative whims, he argues, but direct pathways to help the body rediscover itself as a safe place. Many people with trauma have (unconsciously) left their body because feeling was too painful. Recovery begins with daring to be present again in one&#8217;s own body.</p><h2>EMDR</h2><p>EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) has also proven remarkably effective. By combining the reliving of a trauma with back-and-forth eye movements, the brain is enabled to recognize the experience as &#8216;past&#8217; rather than &#8216;present.&#8217; Van der Kolk calls EMDR his &#8220;gateway drug&#8221; into the world of effective treatments&#8212;a first step that taught him trauma can indeed be transformed, provided you work at the right level. In the interview he gives a brief demonstration with the host.</p><h2>What Happens in the Brain During EMDR?</h2><p>During an EMDR session, a person consciously brings a traumatic memory to mind, including the images, feelings, sounds, and physical sensations associated with it. At the same time, the eyes follow a rhythmically moving object&#8212;often the therapist&#8217;s fingers or a light&#8212;from left to right. This bilateral stimulation activates brain pathways that are not normally active simultaneously.</p><p>Van der Kolk explains that these eye movements likely activate certain networks between the <strong>temporoparietal junction</strong> (the area where we locate our &#8216;self&#8217; in time and space) and the <strong>insula</strong> (the center of bodily awareness). This enables the brain to stop experiencing the memory as &#8216;present&#8217; and to classify it as something that happened in the past.</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Your brain is able to say, &#8216;Oh, this is what happened to me, but that happened in the past.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><p>This is essential: trauma is not a memory but a re-living. In the moment of traumatic activation, the brain makes no distinction between then and now. EMDR appears to help restore this distinction by literally moving the brain across the midline&#8212;from left to right hemisphere.</p><p>Van der Kolk&#8217;s own research confirmed the effectiveness: in 78% of adults with single-incident trauma (such as assault or a car accident), EMDR led to complete symptom relief. Complex childhood traumas are more stubborn, but even there EMDR can be a powerful tool, provided it is embedded within a broader, safe therapeutic relationship.</p><h2>The Body Knows the Way to Healing</h2><p>That the body and movement are central to trauma recovery became even clearer to Van der Kolk during a visit to China in the 1990s. The country was just emerging from the Cultural Revolution&#8212;a period of suppression, violence, and collective silence. In conversations with residents, he was struck by how little people openly spoke about what had happened. Regarding the Tiananmen protest, for example, people simply said, &#8220;That never happened.&#8221;</p><p>And yet he saw something different in the public parks: hundreds of people practicing <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/tai-chi">Tai Chi</a> and <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/qigong">qigong</a> together each morning. Slow, flowing movements. Body and breath in a rhythm. No words. No explanations. But something is working deeply on the nervous system.</p><p>For Van der Kolk, this was a revelation. &#8220;This is how they survive,&#8221; he thought. Where the West focuses on talking, analyzing, and taking medication, he discovered a different gateway to recovery: <strong>regulation through rhythm, movement, and synchronization. Not through the head, but through the body. Not alone, but together.</strong></p><p>It set him thinking about how different cultures cope with pain and dysregulation. In the West, we invest in &#8216;understanding&#8217;&#8212;in &#8217;talking about trauma. But what if you have no words for it? What if language disappears, as it does for so many people with deep trauma? Then the body&#8212;in movement, in repetition, in rhythm&#8212;can open a new path.</p><p>Since then he has argued ever more explicitly for recovery through physical processes. Not as a replacement for, but in collaboration with, more conventional approaches. Whether yoga, <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/qigong">qigong</a>, dance, breathwork, or martial arts, the path to yourself runs through your body. And often through another person as well.</p><h2>How Trauma Changes Perception Itself</h2><p>During his work with traumatized war veterans, Van der Kolk began to explore how trauma affects not only feelings and behavior but literally alters the way people perceive reality. One of the most revealing discoveries came through the use of the classic Rorschach test&#8212;the well-known inkblots that invite people to describe what they see.</p><p>What Van der Kolk and his team discovered was that traumatized people consistently saw different images than non-traumatized individuals. Where some recognized abstract shapes or animals, war veterans saw blood, mutilated bodies, or violence. Women with a history of sexual abuse saw torn bodies or threatening figures. What was identical on paper was interpreted in entirely different ways internally.</p><p>These observations confirmed something Van der Kolk had long suspected: we do not all live in the same reality. Trauma essentially programs a different &#8216;filter&#8217; into the brain&#8212;a lens through which the world is constantly scanned for danger, loss, or betrayal. Even when nothing appears to be wrong, the body remains in a heightened state of readiness. &#8220;We all live in different worlds,&#8221; he says, &#8220;shaped by what we have previously experienced, often without our awareness.&#8221;</p><p>This insight has far-reaching implications for therapy. It means that healing begins not with persuasion, but with restructuring the sensory and emotional foundations of a person&#8217;s reality. Only when the body learns it is safe can the brain begin to rewrite its story.</p><h2>What Trauma Does to the Brain</h2><p>Van der Kolk&#8217;s work is distinguished in part by its focus on the neurobiological traces of trauma. Using brain scans, he demonstrates that traumatic memories are not merely &#8216;stories we recall&#8217; but deeply ingrained physical responses in specific brain regions. When someone relives a traumatic experience, the brain responds in a characteristic way.</p><p>It begins at the most primitive core: the <strong>periaqueductal gray</strong>, deep in the brainstem&#8212;what Van der Kolk calls the &#8220;cockroach center&#8221; of our brain. This area, once danger is perceived, directly activates the body in a reflexive fight, flight, or freeze response. In people with trauma, this alarm continues to sound faintly, even without direct cause. The result is a constant state of tense vigilance, as if something is always threatening<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>.</p><p>Above this sits the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/amygdala">amygdala</a>, the brain&#8217;s &#8216;smoke detector.&#8217; At traumatic triggers&#8212;a smell, a sound, a glance&#8212;this area reacts with lightning speed. It recognizes threat patterns based on past experience, often before the rest of the brain has time to think logically. In traumatized people the amygdala is frequently overactive, causing even harmless situations to feel threatening.</p><p>At the same time, the <strong>prefrontal cortex</strong>&#8212;the rational brain&#8212;is deactivated. This region, particularly the <strong>dorsolateral prefrontal cortex</strong>, is responsible for overview, sense of time, self-reflection, and the ability to contextualize. When this area &#8216;goes offline,&#8217; the awareness that something belongs to the past disappears. What remains is the immediate, overwhelming experience as if the trauma is happening again right now.</p><p>Another crucial player is the <strong>insula</strong>, the brain region that links body and feeling. It is through the insula that we feel what we feel: heartbeat, tension, breathing, and goosebumps. In people with trauma, this connection is often disrupted. Some can barely feel their body at all&#8212;as if it has been &#8216;switched off&#8217;&#8212;while others are hypersensitive to every internal sensation. In both cases the relationship with one&#8217;s own body is fundamentally dysregulated.</p><p>What all this makes clear is that trauma is not a psychological weakness but a state of being&#8212;above all, a state of the brain. You are not &#8216;emotionally unstable&#8217; or &#8216;oversensitive&#8217;&#8212;your brain has adapted to unsafety. And that also points the direction for recovery: if the brain has adapted, it can also learn to attune itself again&#8212;provided you find the right entry points and involve the body.</p><h2>Psychedelics: A New Revolution</h2><p>Recently Van der Kolk has also turned his attention to psychedelic therapy, including treatments with MDMA, ketamine, and psilocybin. The results from clinical studies are astonishing: people with chronic PTSD, who had previously derived no benefit from conventional therapies over many years, experience profound breakthroughs. Not only do symptoms diminish, but people rediscover compassion for themselves, feel reconnected with their body and surroundings, and can finally recognize the past as past.</p><p>Van der Kolk himself underwent an MDMA session as part of his research. To his own surprise, not pleasure or euphoria arose, but deep grief&#8212;a confrontation with the thousands of traumas he had heard as a clinician over the years. &#8220;I became a sadder but also wiser person,&#8221; he says. This underscores for him how essential the right setting is: safety, guidance, and human presence make the difference between healing and retraumatization.</p><h2>Healing Requires Community</h2><p>At least as important as therapy is connection with others. According to Van der Kolk, isolation is one of the most destructive factors in trauma-related conditions. People heal in relationships&#8212;through shared experiences, rhythm, and synchronicity. Sport, theatre, music, and dance: these are, in his view, age-old forms of collective regulation that are at risk of disappearing in our modern, digital society. Yet it is precisely there that recovery begins.</p><p>He describes how young people in criminal gangs often seek precisely that sense of belonging&#8212;the &#8220;band of brothers&#8221; they never had at home. Or how soldiers, through marching, singing, and training together, restructure themselves into a functioning unit. It is not the talking that heals them, but moving together, existing together.</p><h2>Attachment: You Become Who Sees You</h2><p>According to Van der Kolk, psychological well-being does not begin with reason or behavior, but with relationship&#8212;from the very first moments of life. He emphasizes that secure attachment to a caring parent or caregiver literally forms the blueprint for how a child experiences itself, others, and the world.</p><p>&#8220;You become how people see you,&#8221; he says. That sounds simple, but the implication is profound. When a child is consistently seen as valuable, loved, and welcome, it grows up with the sense that it is worthwhile. But when it encounters unpredictability, emotional distance, or rejection, that experience becomes a fundamental part of the personality. &#8220;If no one truly sees you, you essentially do not exist.&#8221;</p><p>He gives the example that children do not consciously ask themselves whether they are safe&#8212;they become safety, or they become fear. When a mother says, &#8220;You are too difficult; that&#8217;s why your father started drinking,&#8221; that is not merely a hurtful remark but a message that becomes lodged in body and self-image. Subtler forms of misrecognition&#8212;a parent who persistently tells the child it is &#8216;overreacting&#8217; or &#8216;shouldn&#8217;t feel that &#8217;way&#8217;&#8212;can also have deep consequences. The child then learns not to understand itself but to distrust itself.</p><p>Secure attachment does not mean parents are perfect. It means, above all, that there is consistency, availability, affection, and repair when something goes wrong. That a child knows, &#8220;When I am frightened, someone comes. When I fall, I am picked up. When I am confused, I am not shamed but understood.&#8221; That is the soil in which <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/veerkrachttraining">resilience</a> grows.</p><p>Van der Kolk draws an important social conclusion from this. In a culture where parents often stand alone, where <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/van-gedragsmanagement-naar-co-regulatie">childcare and schools are under pressure</a>, and where connection is giving way to screen time, children sometimes lose the mirroring that helps them construct a sense of self. Attachment is not a luxury, he argues, but a neurobiological necessity.</p><p>And just as with <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/trauma">trauma</a>, so too here: it is never too late to restore connection. People can still learn to experience themselves&#8212;and others&#8212;as safe. But it requires attention, a body, and a relationship.</p><h2>From Burden to Baggage</h2><p>Van der Kolk also points to an important paradox: although <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/ace">early wounds</a> can leave deep scars, they can also become a source of strength. Those who have had to survive at a young age sometimes develop their own ways of overcoming obstacles. &#8220;It is often the people who have had to endure something,&#8221; he says, &#8220;who later come up with solutions others would never even consider.&#8221; Early struggle can kindle creativity and problem-solving capacity&#8212;not despite, but precisely because of the necessity to adapt.</p><p>Yet this is not available to everyone. Much depends on the environment, the possibilities for recovery, and the support network that happens to be present. For every success story of a &#8216;resilient survivor,&#8217; there are countless others who have become quietly stuck. Van der Kolk therefore emphasizes that we must be careful about labeling trauma too positively: it can shape people but also break them&#8212;and usually does both at once.</p><h2>How Do You Avoid Traumatizing Your Children?</h2><p>On the question of how parents can protect their children from trauma, Van der Kolk is clear: make sure you do not do it alone. <strong>Children are not only harmed by abuse or mistreatment but also by emotional isolation, unpredictability, and the lack of <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/co-regulatie">safe co-regulation</a>.</strong> And parents&#8212;however well-intentioned&#8212;inevitably carry their pain and patterns with them. Parents raising children alone, therefore, risk burdening their child with their own unconscious wounds simply because there is no other perspective in the household.</p><p>His advice is therefore radically simple: <strong>build a network.</strong> Ensure your child has multiple adults around them who are available, calm, and engaged&#8212;so that the child learns that safety is not accidental but reproducible. That father is sometimes strict, but grandmother is gentle. That the neighbor is patient when mother is stressed. In this way a child learns: <em>my world is larger than one person&#8217;s mood. And I am safe, even when someone else temporarily is not.</em></p><p>Ultimately, says Van der Kolk, raising a non-traumatized child is not about doing everything perfectly but about being present, predictable, and attuned. And about letting the child feel: <em>if you are overwhelmed, someone will come who stays.</em></p><p>Van der Kolk shares a particularly personal moment that moves him to this day. During a visit from his parents, his three-year-old daughter asserted herself at home in the way that is perfectly natural for a toddler. His mother reacted with irritation and said he should discipline her. He immediately felt that reflex rise&#8212;the impulse to intervene, to correct her, to repeat the patterns of his childhood. He had even risen to walk towards his daughter when suddenly the realization struck him: <em>&#8220;I am about to become like my parents were.&#8221;</em></p><p>At that moment he consciously chose differently. He turned to his mother and said, <em>&#8220;No, she can go to the bathroom.&#8221;</em> For him this was a liberating moment&#8212;not only a choice in favor of his daughter but also a release from unconscious loyalty to his parents. It was, as he says, the first time he truly felt ownership of his parenthood and of himself.</p><p>Yet he also calls this a painful moment. Because breaking patterns often means leaving one&#8217;s &#8216;tribe&#8217;&#8212;the group one belonged to, even if it caused harm. &#8220;We want to belong somewhere,&#8221; he says, &#8220;that is deeply human. But when you truly change, you leave something behind. And that can be lonely.&#8221; It is a theme he frequently sees in patients: the desire for healing often collides with the implicit fear of being cast out. &#8220;You leave your tribe,&#8221; he says. &#8220;And then you must learn to find a new one.&#8221;</p><p>In therapy&#8212;or in parenting&#8212;it is therefore not only about healing but also about choosing: who do I want to be when I am no longer driven by fear, guilt, or old reflexes?</p><h2>Both Agitated and Numb</h2><p>One of the most confusing and exhausting consequences of trauma is what Van der Kolk describes as <em>&#8220;being agitated and numbed out at the same time.&#8221;</em> You feel driven, irritable, and alert&#8212;as if something is constantly wrong&#8212;and at the same time you are inwardly numb, empty, or shut down. Your body is taut with tension, but you feel nothing that provides direction. Van der Kolk calls this a characteristic state in people with a traumatized nervous system: the body is in a state of threat, while the feeling system has partially shut itself down to avoid being flooded. You can barely tolerate anything, yet at the same time you feel dull and far removed from yourself.</p><p>That paradoxical field of tension&#8212;hypersensitivity and numbness in one&#8212;makes life unpredictable and difficult to navigate. You do not know whether you are going to explode or collapse. It also makes it so difficult for the outside world to understand what is going on: you appear &#8216;flat&#8217; or &#8216;disinterested,&#8217; while inwardly you are flooded. Van der Kolk emphasizes that this state is not a character flaw but a neurological defense strategy of the body. And that from it&#8212;slowly, through safety, rhythm, and body work&#8212;one can emerge.</p><h2>Mirror Neurons and Co-Regulation: How We Influence Each Other&#8217;s Nervous Systems</h2><p>During the conversation, Van der Kolk points to the existence of <strong>mirror neurons</strong>&#8212;brain cells that become active when we see someone else do, feel, or undergo something. These neurons cause us to resonate with the other person, even when we ourselves are doing nothing. They form the neurological basis for empathy, attunement, and intuitive understanding. &#8220;We pick up each other&#8217;s energy,&#8221; says Van der Kolk, &#8220;often without noticing.&#8221;</p><p>This aligns seamlessly with the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagal-theory-for-beginners">polyvagal theory</a> of professor of psychiatry and neuroscientist <strong>Stephen Porges</strong>, in which the concept of <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/co-regulatie">co-regulation</a> is central. According to this theory, our <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/autonoom-zenuwstelsel">autonomic nervous system</a> is not only attuned to internal signals (such as breathing or heart rate) but is constantly <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/neuroceptie">scanning the environment for social signals</a>: voice intonation, facial expression, rhythm, and proximity. When we feel safe with another person&#8212;because their voice is calm, their face soft, and their breathing quiet&#8212;our own nervous system calms in turn.</p><p>In other words, <strong>we regulate each other</strong>. Not through words, but through eye contact, body language, voice, and rhythm. Van der Kolk and Porges describe, each in their own way, the same thing: that trauma is not a purely individual problem and that recovery rarely takes place in isolation. You cannot &#8216;talk yourself out of hyperarousal,&#8217; but another person can&#8212;by being present, attuned, and safe&#8212;help your system to come to rest.</p><p>This is why Van der Kolk advocates for therapeutic approaches in which not only talking occurs, but where rhythm, proximity, and bodily attunement also have a place: from psychodrama to dance, from <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/qigong">qigong</a> or yoga to shared breathing. The body only learns to feel safe in the proximity of another body that radiates safety.</p><h2>What Screens Take From Us</h2><p>Precisely in light of these deeply relational processes, Van der Kolk is concerned about the advance of screen culture. Instead of bodily proximity, shared rhythms, and sensory attunement, we are spending ever more time in virtual worlds. Screens provide <em>information</em>, but not <em>regulation</em>. They offer stimulation, but not safety. &#8220;You get a small dopamine spike,&#8221; he says, &#8220;but you do not learn how to truly connect&#8212;with yourself or with others.&#8221;</p><p>The result is a society in which people increasingly live alone, fragmented, and disconnected from their bodies. Even young children grow up with less physical touch, fewer live facial expressions, and fewer shared rituals. In doing so they lose something fundamental: the capacity to attune their inner world to another. And that, warns Van der Kolk, makes us more vulnerable than ever to dysregulation, stress, and loneliness<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>.</p><h2>Love as a Neurological Experience</h2><p>For Van der Kolk, love is not a poetic side note to life&#8212;it clearly has a neurological foundation. &#8220;Love,&#8221; he says, &#8220;does not reside only in words, but in glances, touches, rhythms&#8212;in the subtle coordination of two nervous systems learning to trust each other. Someone says, I am here for you. And your body believes it.&#8221;</p><p>In his work with war veterans, he saw how deep, life-saving bonds can form under the most terrible circumstances. <em>&#8220;Combat taught me more about male love than anything else,&#8221;</em> he says. Real love arises where people protect, mirror, and carry one another&#8212;especially when it is difficult. Not the absence of danger makes love possible, but the experience that someone stays with you when you are afraid.</p><p>This is why healing is never a purely individual journey. We are wounded in relation to others&#8212;and we heal in relation too. Whoever is seen lovingly, touched, or held can gradually learn that the world may not, after all, be only unsafe. And that the body&#8212;in which the pain had lodged itself so tenaciously&#8212;can also become a place of homecoming.</p><h2>The Culture of Loneliness</h2><p>Beneath everything Van der Kolk says&#8212;about brains, attachment, rhythm, love, and recovery&#8212;lies a simmering warning: we live in a world that is slowly unraveling us from one another. A world in which screens replace faces, voices are filtered through earbuds, and physical proximity is increasingly experienced as uncomfortable. <em>&#8220;The average American,&#8221;</em> he cites, <em>&#8220;now has <strong>zero</strong> people they can turn to in a crisis. Twenty years ago that number was three.&#8221;</em></p><p>It is as if society is being increasingly organized around autonomy, self-reliance, and productivity&#8212;but not around connection. And so we become ever more efficient, but also ever lonelier. We seek safety in information, distraction in pixels, and recognition in algorithms&#8212;but our bodies continue to long for something else: rhythm, touch, proximity, and togetherness.</p><h2>Three Steps Toward Healing According to Bessel van der Kolk</h2><p>Rather than beginning with a diagnosis or problem description, Van der Kolk starts his treatments with a simple but deeply personal question: <strong>&#8220;Tell me who you are.&#8221;</strong></p><p>This question forms the beginning of a three-part approach he sketches in the interview<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Self-inquiry:</strong> Who are you? What works? What blocks? Therapy begins with curiosity, not labels. Van der Kolk wants to know who someone is, what gives them energy, what gets stuck, what has helped before, and what has not. Not &#8220;How ill are you?&#8221; but <em>&#8220;What does your inner world look like?&#8221;</em> This first phase revolves around meaning-making, self-knowledge, and building a respectful therapeutic relationship.</p></li><li><p><strong>Bodily regulation:</strong> first calm the nervous system. Only when the body feels safe is there space for processing. Many people with trauma are constantly flooded or numbed, or both at once. Van der Kolk uses techniques such as yoga, neurofeedback, breathwork, massage, or EMDR to help stabilize the nervous system. <strong>&#8220;If you are overwhelmed, don&#8217;t start with talking,&#8221; he says, &#8220;but with moving, feeling, and regulating.&#8221;</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Processing the core experience:</strong> gently touching the trauma. Only once sufficient safety is established is the core experience itself approached. This can occur through EMDR, psychedelic therapy, psychodrama, or other experiential methods. The memory is relived, but this time from the here and now, in a controlled, guided context in which the brain learns to feel the difference between then and now. Central is not digging in the past but <em>reprogramming the senses and the nervous system</em>. <br><br><em>&#8220;That was then. And now it is safe.&#8221;</em></p></li></ol><h2>Trauma Is Never One Story</h2><p>Gabor Mat&#233;, another prominent voice in the trauma field, argues that A<strong>DHD, addiction, and many forms of psychological suffering</strong> can very often be traced back to <strong>early childhood trauma or stress</strong>. Van der Kolk recognizes himself partly in this view but also emphasizes that reality is more complex. Not everything is <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/trauma">trauma</a>&#8212;and not everyone develops difficulties from the same origin.</p><p>&#8220;Almost all traumatized children meet the criteria for ADHD,&#8221; he says, &#8220;but that does not mean everyone with ADHD necessarily has a trauma.&#8221; He points to <strong>multiple causes</strong>: genetics, neurodiversity, environmental factors, and toxins during pregnancy&#8212;all can contribute. Psychological symptoms are, in his view, often the tip of the iceberg; what lies beneath varies from person to person.</p><p>The nuance he introduces is essential: it is not about imposing trauma as the explanation but about remaining curious with each person about the story beneath the symptoms&#8212;whether that is trauma, temperament, or chance. Healing does not begin with a label, but with listening.</p><h2>A System That Falls Short</h2><p>Van der Kolk makes no bones about it: the current psychiatric diagnostic system&#8212;as codified in the <strong>DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)</strong>&#8212;falls seriously short. &#8220;It totally sucks,&#8221; he says bluntly. Not because psychological distress is not real, but because the system categorizes symptoms without looking at the context from which they arise. Whether someone is anxious, withdrawn, aggressive, or addicted&#8212;the DSM does not ask, <em>&#8220;What happened to you?&#8221;</em></p><p>According to Van der Kolk, this leads to treatments that focus on managing behavior rather than understanding causes. And this suits a society more interested in productivity than in healing. Instead of helping people recover, their suffering is medically translated into &#8216;disorders&#8217;&#8212;often &#8217;with an accompanying prescription, but without genuine contact.</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;The focus is not on healing, but on keeping the system running.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><p>What he proposes is no simple alternative, but a radically different approach: listening, slowing down, and looking at the whole story&#8212;body, brain, relationships, and history. Not: <em>What is wrong with you? But what happened to you?</em></p><h2>No Scientific Foundation</h2><p>According to Van der Kolk, most psychiatric diagnoses are not based on hard science but on <strong>consensus agreements between experts</strong>&#8212;often reached in meeting rooms, not in laboratories. There is little to <strong>no biological grounding, and most categories are superficial descriptions of behavior, not of causes.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;They&#8217;re just very primitive ways of categorizing the human mind.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><p>An exception, in his view, is <strong>PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder)</strong>, which does have <strong>brain scans, neurobiological patterns, and clinical research as its foundation</strong>. Not coincidentally, Van der Kolk himself was involved in introducing PTSD into the DSM in the 1980s. But even there he sees limitations: PTSD focuses primarily on <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/trauma">single-incident trauma</a> (such as accidents or violence), while <strong><a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/ace">early childhood</a>, relational trauma</strong>&#8212;which leaves deep traces in the brain and in attachment patterns&#8212;is barely recognized within official diagnostics.</p><p>In short, the system gives names but no insight. It describes symptoms but does not ask about the origin. For Van der Kolk, this is unacceptable. Psychological pain deserves more than a label&#8212;it deserves a context, a story, a human being.</p><h2>A Message of Hope</h2><p>Despite the weight of the subject, Van der Kolk is emphatically hopeful. &#8220;Everything that has been disrupted can be set in motion again.&#8221; Trauma is persistent, yes&#8212;but not unchangeable. The key lies in taking bodily and relational processes seriously, in daring to experiment with new forms of therapy, and in cherishing genuine connection.</p><p>His message is clear: we must stop treating people as symptoms and learn again to listen to their story&#8212;with heart, mind, and body.</p><p>That movement is not a straight line. It requires time, attention, and proximity&#8212;and sometimes new forms of therapy that do not proceed only through language but through touch, rhythm, breath, and space. And above all, it requires something that costs nothing but has become rare: genuine presence. People who stay. People who look without judgment. People who say, <em>I see you. I am not going anywhere; I will stay with you.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Based on the interview with Dr. Bessel van der Kolk, The Diary of a CEO, March 2025.</em></p><div id="youtube2-Qx5J5nwDBTo" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;Qx5J5nwDBTo&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/Qx5J5nwDBTo?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>If you found this article worth reading and (not yet) feel like getting a paid subscription, you can always treat me to a cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>In the interview, Van der Kolk uses this term literally when explaining the function of the PAG in relation to threat and survival responses: </p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;There&#8217;s one part of your brain that I call the cockroach center of your brain&#8212;the periaqueductal gray&#8212;that lights up itself underneath...&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><p>The PAG is one of the oldest parts of the nervous system in evolutionary terms and is also found in more primitive animal species such as fish. It governs the most basic survival responses: freezing, going rigid, fainting, or collapsing in the face of acute danger.</p><p><strong>However, insects have no brainstem, no aqueduct of Sylvius, and no PAG.</strong> Van der Kolk&#8217;s expression is best understood as a metaphor: just as a cockroach vanishes under the refrigerator the instant a light comes on, the human equivalent switches with lightning speed and pure instinct into survival mode&#8212;without any involvement of thinking, feeling, or reflection. The PAG in humans is thus the animal brain in its most elemental form, oriented toward survival rather than meaning-making. In people with trauma, this ancient defense mode often remains chronically activated, giving rise to inexplicable fear, physical tension, or emotional numbing.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>I would like to add a personal note here: sometimes a person&#8217;s nervous system is so sensitive or easily dysregulated&#8212;something that Saskia Ebus and I at <a href="https://www.terugnaarhetmidden.nl/">terugnaarhetmidden.nl</a> pay a great deal of attention to&#8212;that the value of the weekly online sessions we offer there is deeply felt by participants. They too experience healing and regulating qualities in this work.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>The following is what is usually meant by Van der Kolk&#8217;s three pillars of trauma processing&#8212;though in this particular interview he uses different pillars.</strong></p><ol><li><p><strong>Top-down approach: understanding and meaning-making</strong><br>This is the classic psychological route: through language, insight, and reflection, you try to gain a foothold on what you have experienced. Think of talking therapies, cognitive therapy, reconstructing your life story, finding words for the unspeakable. But, Van der Kolk warns, with deep trauma this approach often falls short. &#8220;Trauma is a speechless story,&#8221; he says. &#8220;When you are in your trauma, language disappears from your brain.&#8221; Yet meaning-making remains an important element of recovery&#8212;but only once the body feels safe again.</p></li><li><p><strong>Bottom-up approach: re-learning to regulate the body</strong><br>Because trauma lives primarily in the body, the body is also the gateway to healing. Yoga, qigong, breathwork, movement, touch, theatre, dance, EMDR, and neurofeedback&#8212;these are all forms of embodied therapy that help the nervous system to calm and reset. This approach is crucial, according to Van der Kolk, because the nervous system must first come to rest before the brain can reflect. &#8220;You cannot think your way out of trauma,&#8221; he says, &#8220;but you can move your way through it.&#8221;</p></li><li><p><strong>Social connection: restoring safety in relationship</strong><br>The third pillar is equally important: co-regulation and connection. Trauma often arises in relationships&#8212;through misrecognition, neglect, or violence&#8212;and healing also takes place in relationships. This may be a therapeutic relationship, but it can equally be friendship, touch, making music together, a sports team, or a dance group. Van der Kolk emphasizes repeatedly how important it is to experience, &#8220;When I am confused, someone stays. When I am afraid, someone looks me in the eye.&#8221; Without relational safety, the nervous system remains on high alert. With connection, rhythm, and proximity, it can learn once more to attune itself.</p></li></ol></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Adem]]></title><description><![CDATA[Omdat ademen het enige autonome proces is dat we ook met ons bewustzijn kunnen be&#239;nvloeden, geeft het vertragen ervan een krachtig signaal naar de rest van het autonome zenuwstelsel.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/adem</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/adem</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 29 Mar 2026 05:21:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EnBW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52994f30-b81a-4bc3-afe0-80513bc8b43f_2048x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EnBW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52994f30-b81a-4bc3-afe0-80513bc8b43f_2048x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EnBW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52994f30-b81a-4bc3-afe0-80513bc8b43f_2048x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EnBW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52994f30-b81a-4bc3-afe0-80513bc8b43f_2048x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EnBW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52994f30-b81a-4bc3-afe0-80513bc8b43f_2048x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EnBW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52994f30-b81a-4bc3-afe0-80513bc8b43f_2048x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EnBW!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52994f30-b81a-4bc3-afe0-80513bc8b43f_2048x1152.jpeg" width="1200" height="675" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/52994f30-b81a-4bc3-afe0-80513bc8b43f_2048x1152.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:195566,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EnBW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52994f30-b81a-4bc3-afe0-80513bc8b43f_2048x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EnBW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52994f30-b81a-4bc3-afe0-80513bc8b43f_2048x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EnBW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52994f30-b81a-4bc3-afe0-80513bc8b43f_2048x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EnBW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52994f30-b81a-4bc3-afe0-80513bc8b43f_2048x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@allisweeell?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Mila Young</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/wind?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>De <em><strong>adem</strong></em> is een beetje een vreemde eend in de bijt in het <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/relaxicon">Relaxicon</a>. Het is namelijk geen object. Je kunt hem<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> niet vasthouden, niet zien op een r&#246;ntgenfoto, niet vervangen tijdens een operatie. De adem bestaat alleen in het gebeuren zelf; het is een levensproces. </p><h2>Technisch</h2><p>Technisch gezien is ademen het proces van het ritmisch uitzetten en weer inkrimpen van de romp, meestal het eerst gevoeld in de borst en de buik, waardoor lucht in- en uitstroomt en onze gaswisseling mogelijk wordt gemaakt. N&#243;g technischer geformuleerd: de ademhaling is een geco&#246;rdineerde activiteit van het diafragma en de bekkenbodem met excentrische&nbsp;controle van de spieren die geassocieerd zijn met de thorax en het abdomen. Het diafragma speelt ook een cruciale rol bij de spinale stabiliteit tijdens bewegingen, waardoor er een sterke connectie bestaat tussen ademhaling, spinale stabiliteit en beweging. (<a href="https://www.psychfysio.nl/oefenen-verbetert-dysfunctioneel-ademen/">bron</a>)</p><p>Overigens is het interessant om te beseffen dat het diafragma (= middenrif), een koepelvormige spier-peesplaat, aan de achterkant van het lichaam op een lagere plek aan de wand van de romp vastzit dan aan de voorkant. In de achterste helft van het lichaam zit dus meer longweefsel dan aan de voorkant (ook omdat het hart meer aan de voorzijde gelegen is). Toch voelen we minder adembewegingen aan de rugkant. Dat heeft enerzijds te maken met dat onze rug minder beweeglijk is dan de voorkant, omdat de wervels het uitzetten beperken, en anderzijds omdat de meeste mensen minder gevoelscontact met hun rug hebben.</p><p>In de longen vindt hierbij uitwisseling plaats van zuurstof en kooldioxide. De gehaltes van deze stoffen in ons bloed worden nauwkeurig bewaakt door receptoren (= meetinstrumentjes) in de wand van een aantal grote bloedvaten en (vooral!) via centrale chemoreceptoren in de hersenstam zelf, die vervolgens de diepte en het tempo van de adem regelt.</p><h2>Autonoom of &#8230; ?</h2><p>Gelukkig hoeven we de ademhaling niet zelf te regelen, anders zouden we een probleem krijgen wanneer we gingen slapen. De ademhaling wordt geregeld door het <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/autonoom-zenuwstelsel">autonome zenuwstelsel</a>. In tegenstelling tot andere autonome functies (zoals bijv. spijsvertering, hartslag, zweten) is de adem &#243;&#243;k toegankelijk voor onze bewuste <em>controle</em> (oei, gevaarlijk woord!) en zo door ons te sturen.</p><p>Hieronder een enigszins vrij vertaald fragment uit &#8220;Our Polyvagal World&#8221;, door Stephen Porges en Seth Porges.</p><blockquote><p><em>Omdat ademen het enige autonome proces is dat we ook met ons bewustzijn en wilskracht kunnen be&#239;nvloeden, geeft het vertragen ervan een krachtig signaal naar de rest van het autonome zenuwstelsel: &#8220;Als ik de tijd heb om rustig te ademen, zal ik waarschijnlijk op dit moment niet hoeven te rennen voor mijn leven. Misschien ben ik veilig en kan het stresssysteem op een lager standje gezet worden, autonoom gesproken.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><p>Om dit te bereiken, zullen diepe en rustige uitademingen sensoren in ons ademhalingssysteem activeren, die dienen als vagale triggers, om zo onze autonome staat te downreguleren. Deze boodschap van veiligheid zal door onze vagus op en neer reizen tot andere delen van het lichaam bereikt zijn. De adem wordt zo een krachtig instrument om het lichaam te kalmeren.</p><p>In het bijzonder zijn lange uitademingen een belangrijke factor in dit proces. Het tegengestelde ademhalingstype, met een korte uitademing en langere inademing, alsof je hyperventileert, heeft dan ook een tegengesteld effect, waardoor het autonome zenuwstelsel opgestuwd wordt in een staat van gevaar.</p><p>Doe jezelf dus een plezier de volgende keer dat je angstig wordt of je geactiveerd voelt, en neem een diepe ademhaling, hou het een momentje vast en adem dan heel langzaam uit &#8230; Je activeert je <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/nervus-vagus">nervus vagus</a> en vertelt je lichaam op een effectieve manier dat, door het feit dat je blijkbaar de tijd hebt om in deze adem te vertragen, je feitelijk veilig bent en niet voor je leven rent.<br>Misschien dat je dit een aantal ademhalingen kunt doen. Je lichaam zal de boodschap begrijpen.</p><h2>In therapie</h2><p>Van zo&#8217;n ademoefening als hierboven beschreven lijkt het geen hele grote stap naar adem&#8221;werk&#8221; of -therapie. Hoewel ik hier zelf niet in ben opgeleid en er ook weinig ervaring mee heb, heb ik in mijn werk als mindfulnesstherapeut op de dagbehandeling van een afdeling psychiatrie in een ziekenhuis regelmatig te maken met mensen die, naast hun psychische kwetsbaarheid, ook een lijf hebben waarvan het niet makkelijk is om in te wonen, en een aantal van deze mensen heeft ademtherapie gevolgd. Ik moet helaas zeggen dat ik de afgelopen zes jaar nog niet &#233;&#233;n iemand heb getroffen die daar baat bij heeft gehad. </p><p>Mensen zeggen dan vaak: &#8220;Mijn adem is niet goed&#8221; of &#8220;Ik adem niet goed&#8221;. Dit is dan blijkbaar iets dat ze hebben onthouden van de ademtherapie die ze volgden. Ik kan mij niet voorstellen dat een ademtherapeut iets dergelijks echt zou zeggen, maar concludeer wel dat er ademtherapeuten zijn die niet kunnen voorkomen dat dit beeld bij hun cli&#235;nt ontstaat. Het is in ieder geval een schadelijk beeld, wat niet zo 1, 2, 3 &#8220;ontmanteld&#8221; kan worden.</p><p>Wat mij betreft is de adem nooit &#8220;het&#8221; probleem, maar is zij een weerspiegeling van de gemoedstoestand. Een gestrest persoon heeft een hogere ademhaling, dat is volkomen begrijpelijk. De adem is niet het probleem, de stress wel. Het duurt vaak een tijd voordat mensen de focus (tot fixatie aan toe) op de adem wat losser durven laten, zodoende &#233;&#233;n stressor minder hebben, waarna de adem vaak vanzelf al enigszins kan kalmeren. </p><p>Als je de adem beschouwt als een zelfregulerend proces, wat je daarin mag leren vertrouwen, is wat mij betreft de noodzaak van ademregulatie al een heel stuk kleiner. Daarnaast kan ik mij wel voorstellen dat ademwerk positief zou kunnen bijdragen aan een kalmer stresssysteem, maar dat is dus blijkbaar niet voor iedereen weggelegd.</p><h2>In de meditatie</h2><p>De adem symboliseert in veel culturen en spirituele tradities een brug tussen lichaam, geest en gemoedstoestand. Het Latijnse woord &#8216;spiritus&#8217; (waar spiritualiteit van afgeleid is) betekent &#8216;geest&#8217; en &#8216;adem&#8217;. Datzelfde geldt voor het Hebreeuwse &#8216;ruach&#8217;.</p><p>De emotionele, mentale en fysieke toestand weerspiegelt zich in het adempatroon.<br>In de meditatie besteden we vaak aandacht aan de adem door het ademproces te observeren en eventueel met zachte (!) intentie de adem te be&#239;nvloeden in de richting van iets meer zachtheid en ontspannenheid.</p><p>Voor veel mensen die beginnen met mediteren is het uitdagend om de adem te observeren met vriendelijke aandacht z&#243;nder het proces te be&#239;nvloeden of te controleren. Dit is illustratief voor de vervreemding van ons eigen lichaam die ontstaan is, voor het gebrek aan vertrouwen in de intelligentie van ons lichaam en voor de overschatting van het belang van onze wilskracht.<br>Een mooi startpunt voor een <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mindfulness">mindfulnesstraining</a>.</p><h2>Ritme</h2><p>Ademen is een natuurlijk en ritmisch proces. Ritme is wat mij betreft een van de meest fundamentele kenmerken van levende biologische systemen. Het hart klopt, darmen bewegen in peristaltische golven, hormonen worden in pulsen afgegeven, slaap en waken wisselen elkaar af. Het leven is niet statisch, maar een ritmisch proces, een oscillatie. </p><p>Wat de ademhaling daarin bijzonder maakt, is dat zij in wisselwerking staat met vrijwel alle andere lichaamsritmes. Het bekendst is de koppeling met het hartritme via respiratoire sinusaritmie: de hartslag versnelt licht bij inademing en vertraagt bij uitademing. Maar ook hersenactiviteit, bloeddrukgolven en zelfs de lymfestroom worden mede aangedreven door het ademritme. De adem is daarmee verweven met vrijwel alle andere lichaamsritmes; een pulsatie die door het hele systeem opgemerkt kan worden.</p><p>Mijn <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/qigong">Qigong</a>-leraar <a href="https://substack.com/@treetime">Peter den Dekker</a> heeft daar in zijn prachtige boek &#8220;The Dynamics of Standing Still&#8221; over geschreven. Het boek is amper meer te krijgen voor een redelijke prijs, maar gelukkig heeft hij een aantal stukken, waaronder het deel over pulsatie, op zijn Substack geplaatst. <br>Lees <a href="https://www.tree-time.nl/p/pulsatie">hier deel 1</a>, <a href="https://www.tree-time.nl/p/centrum">hier deel 2</a> en <a href="https://www.tree-time.nl/p/file">hier deel 3</a>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPxp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cc778d9-ae33-4b6b-b2b9-9f19a1695779_800x597.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPxp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cc778d9-ae33-4b6b-b2b9-9f19a1695779_800x597.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPxp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cc778d9-ae33-4b6b-b2b9-9f19a1695779_800x597.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPxp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cc778d9-ae33-4b6b-b2b9-9f19a1695779_800x597.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPxp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cc778d9-ae33-4b6b-b2b9-9f19a1695779_800x597.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPxp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cc778d9-ae33-4b6b-b2b9-9f19a1695779_800x597.webp" width="415" height="309.69375" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8cc778d9-ae33-4b6b-b2b9-9f19a1695779_800x597.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:597,&quot;width&quot;:800,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:415,&quot;bytes&quot;:57654,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/147657472?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cc778d9-ae33-4b6b-b2b9-9f19a1695779_800x597.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPxp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cc778d9-ae33-4b6b-b2b9-9f19a1695779_800x597.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPxp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cc778d9-ae33-4b6b-b2b9-9f19a1695779_800x597.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPxp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cc778d9-ae33-4b6b-b2b9-9f19a1695779_800x597.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPxp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cc778d9-ae33-4b6b-b2b9-9f19a1695779_800x597.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En dan zie ik ook nog een <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagale</a> connectie: flexibel, variabel ritme correleert met veiligheid en regulatie; rigide, vlak of chaotisch ritme met stress of gevaar<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>.</p><h2>Uniek?</h2><p>Ademen en pulseren is een eigenschap van alle levende wezens. Zelfs bacteri&#235;n die geen zuurstof gebruiken, halen adem of pulseren, maar dan om bijv. nitraat of sulfaat op te nemen in plaats van zuurstof. Planten en bomen ademen (in de meeste gevallen) kooldioxide in en zuurstof uit.<br><strong>Maar ademen doen we allemaal.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukoa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe660de0-094b-4381-bc0e-a9383cefaee8_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukoa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe660de0-094b-4381-bc0e-a9383cefaee8_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukoa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe660de0-094b-4381-bc0e-a9383cefaee8_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukoa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe660de0-094b-4381-bc0e-a9383cefaee8_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukoa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe660de0-094b-4381-bc0e-a9383cefaee8_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukoa!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe660de0-094b-4381-bc0e-a9383cefaee8_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1200" height="800.2747252747253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/be660de0-094b-4381-bc0e-a9383cefaee8_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:9603239,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/147657472?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe660de0-094b-4381-bc0e-a9383cefaee8_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukoa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe660de0-094b-4381-bc0e-a9383cefaee8_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukoa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe660de0-094b-4381-bc0e-a9383cefaee8_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukoa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe660de0-094b-4381-bc0e-a9383cefaee8_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukoa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe660de0-094b-4381-bc0e-a9383cefaee8_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@mischievous_penguins?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Casey Horner</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-forest-filled-with-lots-of-trees-covered-in-fog-KYZw4ktpQMQ?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><blockquote><p><strong>Dit artikel maakt deel uit van het <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/relaxicon">Relaxicon</a> op RelaxMore.net.</strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Als je dit artikel lezenswaardig vond en (nog) geen betaald abonnement wilt, mag je me ook trakteren op een cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>In het Nederlands is <em>adem</em> mannelijk; de lidwoorden zijn <em>de adem</em> en <em>een adem</em>, en het persoonlijk voornaamwoord is <em>hij</em>. Toch vind ik het leuk en passend om de adem af en toe te beschrijven als <em>zij</em> of <em>haar</em>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Wees gerust; hier zal ik een keer een artikel over schrijven.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Out of the Sentence, Out of Mind]]></title><description><![CDATA[Media do not simply report on reality&#8212;they partly shape how we understand it. When news media write, this gradually seeps into how readers perceive the world.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/out-of-the-sentence-out-of-mind</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/out-of-the-sentence-out-of-mind</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 07:08:48 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg" width="1200" height="906.5934065934066" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1100,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:2013165,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/191074783?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@mana5280?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">mana5280</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-bunch-of-writing-on-a-blue-wall-i7lHB0GJtaE?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>Introduction</h2><p>Recently I have become increasingly aware of the possible effects of word choice and language use. Partly through my interest in how journalism shapes the way we experience the news. But also because years of working as a <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mindfulness">mindfulness</a> and resilience trainer have taught me a great deal about the impact of language on what someone learns&#8212;or what insight arises&#8212;during a <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/veerkrachttraining">training day</a>. And writing articles, which I have been practicing for some years now, has been its own teacher.</p><p>Even so, one of the most formative experiences of the past few years was an article I read about how perpetrators and victims are &#8216;handled&#8217; in news reporting&#8212;and how this has a profound effect on the way society treats victims.</p><p>When I recently watched a TED talk about how the language you speak influences how you describe a bridge, I decided the time had come for an article about language and grammar. So here we go.</p><h2>Guilt or Accident</h2><p>Imagine you witness an accident. Someone knocks over a vase&#8212;in a museum, no less, so it is almost certainly valuable. In English, you would probably describe it as &#8220;He knocked over the vase.&#8221; In Spanish, you would be more likely to say, &#8220;Se cay&#243; el jarr&#243;n&#8221;&#8212;the vase fell. In that second sentence there is no &#8216;perpetrator,&#8217; no personal pronoun. The falling of the vase was simply an event, nothing more.</p><p>This apparently minor grammatical difference has surprisingly large consequences. Cognitive linguist Lera Boroditsky showed in her research that English speakers later remembered more clearly who knocked over the vase, while Spanish speakers more readily remembered that it was an accident. Two people witness the same event, yet remember different things&#8212;because their language has &#8216;trained&#8217; them to attend to different aspects. And it goes beyond memory: when the same scene is shown to English and Spanish speakers and the English-speaking half describe what happened using &#8216;he did it&#8217; while the Spanish-speaking half write &#8216;it happened,&#8217; the first group assigns significantly more blame to the person involved&#8212;more than chance alone would predict. Language steers not only our memory but also our judgment.</p><p><em>Lera Boroditsky&#8217;s TED talk can be found at the bottom of this article.</em></p><h2>The Grammar of Disappearance</h2><p>In her book <em>Speaking Freely<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></em>, linguist Julia Penelope describes a mechanism she called <em>the grammar of non-agency</em>. She showed how sentences about violence are gradually reworded and how, with each step, the perpetrator fades further out of view<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> while the victim undergoes a peculiar grammatical journey.</p><p>An article I read on this subject made a deep impression on me. Follow the progression of the sentences below:</p><ol><li><p><em>John hits Mary.</em> A factual description of what happened. John is the agent&#8212;the one acting. Mary is the object: the one to whom something is done. The sentence describes an act and names a perpetrator (the &#8216;agent&#8217; in the <em>grammar of non-agency</em>). It is an active sentence<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>.</p></li><li><p><em>Mary was hit by John.</em> Also accurate, but something subtle has happened: Mary has been pushed forward and becomes the grammatical subject. She is &#8216;promoted&#8217;&#8212;but not to agent. She becomes the subject of something that happens to her. John is &#8216;demoted&#8217; to an adverbial phrase, a tag at the end of the sentence&#8212;and grammatically optional at that. Notice how naturally the next step follows:</p></li><li><p><em>Mary was hit.</em> John has left the building. Mary is still the subject, but now of a non-agency sentence&#8212;a sentence without a perpetrator. Only one condition remains. Something happened to her, but who was involved? No idea.</p></li><li><p><em>Mary is a battered woman.</em> The final step is the most definitive. Mary is no longer the subject of an event; she has become a noun. She has merged with what was done to her. The violence John committed is now part of her identity. She wears it as a label.</p></li></ol><p>What happens across these four sentences is, to my mind, shocking. Mary has undergone a grammatical transformation: from object to subject of the sentence. But in reality, she has been set up. She is no longer someone John hit&#8212;she is someone who has a problem because she is a battered woman.</p><p>You may recognize how often you see headlines in the media about people who &#8216;have a problem,&#8217; without the perpetrator ever being named. I have included a few examples further on.</p><p>Activist, author, and filmmaker Jackson Katz used the same example in his widely viewed TED talk (which I only saw for the first time recently) to show how deeply this mechanism runs through the way media, courts, and public opinion speak about domestic violence. We do not ask, &#8216;<em>Why does John hit?&#8217;</em> We ask, &#8216;<em>Why does Mary stay with him?</em>&#8217; Grammar has, quietly and subtly, steered us towards <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/why-i-didnt-report-over-de-stilte">victim blaming</a>.</p><p>Katz added another observation: even the term &#8216;violence against women&#8217; is grammatically a passive construction. There is no acting subject. It is something that happens to women&#8212;not something men do.</p><h2>Every Day in the News</h2><p>As Johan Cruyff once said, &#8220;You&#8217;ll only see it once you understand it.&#8221; Once you understand it, you start recognizing this mechanism more and more often. You find it every day in the newspaper and on news websites&#8212;for example, in coverage of road accidents.</p><p>A motorist hits a cyclist. That is what happens. But follow how the reporting unfolds and pay attention to the grammatical position of each of the two people involved:</p><ol><li><p><em>Motorist hits cyclist.</em> The motorist is the subject, the agent. The cyclist is the object. Clear, direct, honest, and as factually accurate as can be.</p></li><li><p><em>Cyclist hit by motorist.</em> The diabolical reversal: the cyclist moves forward and becomes the grammatical subject. But just like Marie/Mary, it is a false promotion&#8212;the cyclist is the subject of something that happens to him. The motorist has been pushed back to an adverbial phrase at the end&#8212;grammatically marginal, almost a footnote. He can slip offstage through the wings.</p></li><li><p><em>Cyclist hit by car.</em> And there goes the driver. This could well be the headline we read in the paper<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a>. The vehicle has replaced the driver. It was not a person who decided, drove too fast, or failed to look&#8212;a thing was in motion. The human element has been erased; all that remains is mechanics.</p></li><li><p><em>Cyclist hit.</em> The car has gone too. All that remains is a cyclist who has a problem and has been &#8216;hit&#8217;&#8212;by no one, by nothing, apparently out of nowhere. Fate that befell him.</p></li></ol><p>In four steps the cyclist has made the same grammatical journey as Mary: from object to subject of the sentence. But here too, it is a trap. As the grammatical subject of a passive sentence without a perpetrator, he is no longer someone to whom something happened through the actions of another&#8212;he is someone who apparently lives in a world where this sort of thing simply occurs. And in that world we inevitably begin to ask, <em>was he wearing a helmet? Was he visible enough? Was he on the correct side of the road?</em> The motorist&#8212;along with his actions and his responsibility&#8212;has long since disappeared from view.</p><p>This is rarely a deliberate conspiracy in newsrooms (I hope). It is the natural gravitational pull of the <em>passive voice</em>, which in news language is especially strong because it sounds concise and neutral&#8212;while being anything but.</p><h2>Staying Power and a Thick Skin</h2><p>Of all the so-called social media, I now only use <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/rdecaluwe/">LinkedIn</a>. There I have been following <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/zo%C3%AB-papaikonomou/">Zo&#235; Papaikonomou</a> for some time&#8212;a journalist focused on diversity, inclusion, and equality who investigates, above all, the workings of power. Almost daily I come across a post from her correcting a newspaper headline or news title.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5a88cdf3-7504-4967-9d9e-e350d5a84bea_1048x1304.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/36e94315-5d99-446f-b81f-634c36c6eaee_1110x1554.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/975eb6b5-13e7-4f03-b4e9-33b21d14ac0a_1046x1150.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5973a886-9b6e-4e1a-a6fa-b32942f971cf_1040x1276.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Screenshots (in Dutch, sorry) from the LinkedIn-feed from Zo&#235; Papaikonomou&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Screenshots (in Dutch, sorry) from the LinkedIn-feed from Zo&#235; Papaikonomou&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a72ab1d7-24b4-4bb1-95d0-d2407c30008a_1456x1456.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>What I also read, incidentally, is that journalists like Papaikonomou regularly receive hate mail. It appears that putting your head above the parapet provokes a reaction. For me, that is an extra reason to support and follow journalists with this mission<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a>&#8212;because the headlines you sometimes encounter are just horrible, and it is genuinely necessary that established media are held to account for them.</p><h2>Three More Sets</h2><p><strong>In the workplace:</strong></p><ol><li><p><em>The manager groped the employee.</em></p></li><li><p><em>The employee was groped by the manager.</em></p></li><li><p><em>The employee was groped.</em> Manager gone.</p></li><li><p><em>There was an inappropriate situation between two colleagues.</em></p></li></ol><p><strong>In the history books:</strong></p><ol><li><p><em>The Netherlands colonized Indonesia, plundered it, and held it by force</em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a><em>.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Indonesia was colonized by the Netherlands.</em> The diabolical reversal.</p></li><li><p><em>Indonesia was colonized.</em> The Netherlands is out of sight.</p></li><li><p><em>Indonesia experienced a colonial period.</em> Colonialism has been converted into a historical era&#8212;something that simply happened to Indonesia, like an ice age or a dry summer. No perpetrator, no decision, no responsibility.</p></li></ol><p><strong>In the current news:</strong></p><ol><li><p><em>The Israeli army bombed a refugee camp, killing hundreds of civilians.</em> Clear (and deeply distressing).</p></li><li><p><em>Hundreds of people were killed in bombings at a refugee camp in Gaza.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Dozens more dead in Gaza.</em> No army, no bombs, no decision. People fell as leaves fall.</p></li><li><p><em>The conflict in the Middle East claims victims once again.</em> &#8212; Two parties, one abstract conflict<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a>.</p></li></ol><h2>Is the bridge feminine or masculine? It matters.</h2><p>The effect of language on thought does not stop at violence and blame. Boroditsky also investigated the influence of grammatical gender&#8212;the property of many languages that assigns every noun a gender.</p><p>Take the word bridge. In German, <em>die Br&#252;cke</em> is feminine. In Spanish, <em>el puente</em> is masculine. When Boroditsky asked German speakers to describe a bridge, they more often chose words like &#8220;beautiful,&#8221; &#8220;elegant,&#8221; and &#8220;slender&#8221;&#8212;words typically associated with feminine qualities. Spanish speakers more often chose &#8220;strong,&#8221; &#8220;sturdy,&#8221; and &#8220;towering&#8221;&#8212;words generally associated with masculine qualities. The same bridge. Different grammatical gender. Different image.</p><p>A comparable pattern emerges with the word key: in Spanish, it's feminine (la llave); in German, masculine (der Schl&#252;ssel). German speakers described keys as hard, heavy, and metallic; Spanish speakers as small, glittering, and handy. The grammatical gender of a word colors the associations people attach to it, without their being aware of this at all.</p><p>This means that the language you speak partly determines how the world around you feels, which properties catch your eye, and which qualities you attribute to the things you encounter. And if that is already true for bridges and keys, it is probably also true for words like &#8220;victim&#8221; or &#8220;perpetrator.&#8221;</p><h2>Seven Thousand Ways of Standing in Reality</h2><p>Boroditsky&#8217;s research indicates that these are not fringe phenomena. Language determines how people orient themselves in space, how they visualize time, how they distinguish colors, how they understand numbers&#8212;and even whether abstract mathematics is thinkable at all. The <em>Kuuk Thaayorre</em>, an indigenous people living in northeastern Australia, have no words for &#8220;left&#8221; and &#8220;right&#8221; and use only the cardinal directions. They consistently prove better at spatial orientation than people from Western cultures, even in unfamiliar landscapes. A five-year-old child from this community knows exactly where north is. The averagely brilliant university student from Europe or America has no idea.</p><p>There are approximately seven thousand languages in the world. Those are seven thousand ways of standing in reality, of naming and experiencing it. Boroditsky calls this the beauty of linguistic diversity: it shows how inventive and flexible the human mind is. But it has a shadow side&#8212;we lose roughly one language every week, and with each language, a unique way of looking at the world disappears.</p><p>As you have read, Boroditsky demonstrated that language determines what we remember, whom we blame, and whom we punish. If a generation grows up on reporting in which Palestinian deaths fall grammatically from nowhere, while Israeli deaths always have a perpetrator, that shapes a worldview. It becomes a form of cultural programming with the hallmarks of propaganda&#8212;but unintentional, carried by words and sentences that seemed neutral.</p><p>Grammar does not only decide who is the perpetrator and who is the victim. It decides, subtly and stubbornly, whom we see as a full human being and whom we see as someone to whom an event happens.</p><h2>The Illusion of Neutrality</h2><p>Journalists, editors, and editors-in-chief will say that they report neutrally. That they present facts and do not judge. That they take no sides. But what linguistics shows us is that grammatical neutrality does not exist. Every sentence is a choice. Who stands at the front, who at the back, and who disappears? These are not stylistic preferences&#8212;they are political decisions, even when they are made unconsciously.</p><p>An editor who writes <em>&#8220;cyclist hit&#8221;</em> is not choosing neutrality. He is choosing a formulation that removes the motorist from view. A reporter who writes <em>&#8220;there was an inappropriate situation&#8221;</em> is not choosing care and caution. He is choosing a formulation that erases the power dynamic. A history book that writes <em>&#8220;Indonesia experienced a colonial period&#8221;</em> is not choosing objectivity. It is choosing a perspective in which the colonizer may remain invisible.</p><p>The French philosopher Roland Barthes called this mechanism <em>mythologization:</em> the way in which cultural and political choices are disguised as natural, self-evident facts. No conscious choice is made anymore&#8212;who stands at the front of the sentence, who vanishes, which word is chosen&#8212;and the resulting habit partly shapes our reality. Language pretends to describe how things simply are. And that is precisely the moment at which it is most dangerous: not when language lies, but when it sounds so self-evident that nobody asks whether it could have been otherwise.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HZc3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f6305d-8a26-4339-91b0-70c95bc35723_1092x578.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HZc3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f6305d-8a26-4339-91b0-70c95bc35723_1092x578.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HZc3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f6305d-8a26-4339-91b0-70c95bc35723_1092x578.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HZc3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f6305d-8a26-4339-91b0-70c95bc35723_1092x578.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HZc3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f6305d-8a26-4339-91b0-70c95bc35723_1092x578.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HZc3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f6305d-8a26-4339-91b0-70c95bc35723_1092x578.jpeg" width="1092" height="578" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/18f6305d-8a26-4339-91b0-70c95bc35723_1092x578.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:578,&quot;width&quot;:1092,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:81717,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/191741560?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f6305d-8a26-4339-91b0-70c95bc35723_1092x578.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HZc3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f6305d-8a26-4339-91b0-70c95bc35723_1092x578.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HZc3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f6305d-8a26-4339-91b0-70c95bc35723_1092x578.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HZc3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f6305d-8a26-4339-91b0-70c95bc35723_1092x578.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HZc3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f6305d-8a26-4339-91b0-70c95bc35723_1092x578.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Another example: not <strong>worms</strong> are responsible for PFAS pollution, but <strong>industrial emissions</strong> are!</figcaption></figure></div><h2>Language or Grammar?</h2><p>The distinction between these two matters, because grammar<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a> typically works less consciously than word choice. You notice immediately when someone uses a loaded word&#8212;<em>victim, terrorist, illegal</em>. Words carry their charge audibly. You can point to words, challenge them, and replace them. But when a sentence is constructed in the passive, it slides in the way a familiar proverb does: unquestioned, with the authority of the obvious. Nobody protests against a passive sentence. No editor marks it as tendentious. No reader feels resistance. And quietly the sentence does its insidious work.</p><p>That is also what makes grammar so effective as a political instrument: it operates below the radar of conscious judgment. We are trained to attend to what is said. We are barely trained to notice how the sentence is constructed&#8212;who is named first, who comes last, and who has been silently omitted. That becomes simply &#8216;the way things are normally written.&#8217;</p><p>Boroditsky&#8217;s research indicates that this is not an innocent phenomenon. Test subjects given an identical description of the same event&#8212;the only difference being sentence construction, active or passive&#8212;arrived at different judgments about guilt and responsibility. They had the same facts but different grammar. And that grammar steered their thinking, without their noticing.</p><p>That is the strange and unsettling quality of grammatical influence: it leaves no traces in memory. You remember the conclusion&#8212;it was an accident, it was a conflict, it was a tragic situation&#8212;but not the sentence that led you there. Grammar has done its work and vanished. What remains is a thought that feels like your own conviction.</p><h2>Media as Mirror and Mould</h2><p>Media do not simply report on reality&#8212;they partly shape how we understand it. When news media write year after year about women who are abused, cyclists who are hit, and communities that have been plundered, this gradually seeps into how readers perceive the world. It is probably not deliberate manipulation but a slow sedimentation of a particular worldview: a world in which things happen, in which things befall people, and in which responsibility is a diffuse and elusive concept.</p><p>Boroditsky&#8217;s research strongly suggests that language does not only describe what we think&#8212;it partly determines what we are capable of thinking. Someone who never hears or reads sentences in which a perpetrator appears as an acting subject will find it harder to develop the cognitive framework to see agency clearly at all. Grammar shapes thought, and thought shapes what we consider just, normal, or inevitable.</p><p>That is what makes the choice between active and passive language not merely a stylistic matter, but an ethical one. Anyone who writes, teaches, reports, or publishes&#8212;and in an age when everyone has a blog, that is all of us&#8212;is constantly faced with the question: who do I place at the front of the sentence? Who do I let disappear? And what reality do I create in doing so, sentence by sentence, day after day?</p><h2>See for Yourself</h2><p><a href="https://decorrespondent.nl/">Journalists</a> who have understood this:</p><div id="youtube2-fYbRXZAPXA4" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;fYbRXZAPXA4&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/fYbRXZAPXA4?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>Jackson Katz, TEDxFiDiWomen, &#8220;<a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/jackson_katz_violence_against_women_it_s_a_men_s_issue">Violence against women &#8212; it&#8217;s a men&#8217;s issue</a>&#8221;</p><div id="youtube2-ElJxUVJ8blw" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;ElJxUVJ8blw&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ElJxUVJ8blw?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>Lera Boroditsky, TED2018, &#8220;<a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/lera_boroditsky_how_language_shapes_the_way_we_think">How language shapes the way we think</a>&#8221;</p><div id="youtube2-RKK7wGAYP6k" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;RKK7wGAYP6k&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/RKK7wGAYP6k?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>If you found this article worth reading and (not yet) feel like getting a paid subscription, you can always treat me to a cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>1</strong> Julia Penelope, <em>Speaking Freely: Unlearning the Lies of the Fathers&#8217; Tongues</em> (1990).</p><p><strong>2</strong> The grammar of non-agency thus describes the full range of linguistic mechanisms by which the capacity to act [= someone doing something] disappears from a sentence.</p><p><strong>3</strong> In an active sentence, the grammatical subject is the acting person: <em>The motorist hit the cyclist.</em> The order is logical and transparent &#8212; who did what to whom. In a passive sentence, the object is moved to the front while the acting person is pushed to the back or disappears from the sentence entirely: <em>The cyclist was hit by the motorist</em>, or further still: <em>The cyclist was hit.</em> In English, the passive is formed with a form of <em>to be</em> plus a past participle. Passive sentences are not inherently wrong: sometimes the acting person is unknown, unimportant, or the emphasis is deliberately on what happened to someone. But as this article shows, the choice between active and passive always affects who is visible and who is not &#8212; and therefore who we hold responsible.</p><p><strong>4</strong> I am curious whether anyone can show me an example of <em>&#8216;Motorist hits cyclist&#8217;</em> in a newspaper or on a news website.</p><p><strong>5</strong> Another journalist well worth following is Fr&#233;derike Geerdink. Her essay <em>&#8220;All Journalism Is Activism&#8221;</em> is highly recommended.</p><p><strong>6</strong> &#8220;Plundered&#8221; is not rhetorical exaggeration; it describes an economic model of exploitation deliberately designed to channel wealth from the colony to the mother country, at the expense of the local population.</p><p><strong>7</strong> Compare this with how those same media report on violence from the Palestinian side: Hamas killed, Hamas fired, Hamas abducted. Always an acting subject. Always a perpetrator in the sentence. The asymmetry is systematic and consistent &#8212; and that is no coincidence, because coincidence does not produce patterns that hold for decades. Language does something here that goes beyond concealing agency. It dehumanises in two ways simultaneously. Palestinian deaths <em>fall</em> &#8212; a verb without a cause, without a responsible party, almost meteorological. Palestinian survivors <em>shelter</em>, <em>flee</em>, <em>are struck</em> &#8212; passive, motionless, objects of forces greater than themselves. They are never the subject of their own history. They endure it. This is precisely what Penelope described: the grammatical promotion that is in fact a trap. Gaza &#8220;experiences a conflict.&#8221; Gazans &#8220;are displaced.&#8221; They have been given a label &#8212; refugee, victim, human shield &#8212; while the acting party that made them so has been pushed ever further to the edge of the sentence, and ultimately disappeared from it altogether.</p><p><strong>8</strong> Grammar is the system of rules and principles for writing, speaking and understanding a language.</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Julia Penelope, <em>Speaking Freely: Unlearning the Lies of the Fathers&#8217; Tongues</em> (1990).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>The grammar of non-agency thus describes the full range of linguistic mechanisms by which the capacity to act [= someone doing something] disappears from a sentence.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>In an active sentence, the grammatical subject is the acting person: <em>The motorist hit the cyclist.</em> The order is logical and transparent&#8212;who did what to whom. In a passive sentence, the object is moved to the front while the acting person is pushed to the back or disappears from the sentence entirely: <em>The cyclist was hit by the motorist</em>, or further still, <em>the cyclist was hit.</em> In English, the passive is formed with a form of <em>to be</em> plus a past participle. Passive sentences are not inherently wrong: sometimes the acting person is unknown, unimportant, or the emphasis is deliberately on what happened to someone. But as this article shows, the choice between active and passive always affects who is visible and who is not&#8212;and therefore who we hold responsible.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>I am curious whether anyone can show me an example of <em>&#8216;Motorist hits cyclist&#8217;</em> in a newspaper or on a news website.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Another journalist well worth following is Fr&#233;derike Geerdink. Her essay <em>&#8220;All Journalism Is Activism&#8221;</em> is highly recommended.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8220;Plundered&#8221; is not rhetorical exaggeration; it describes an economic model of exploitation deliberately designed to channel wealth from the colony to the mother country, at the expense of the local population.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Compare this with how those same media report on violence from the Palestinian side: Hamas killed, Hamas fired, Hamas abducted. Always an acting subject. Always a perpetrator in the sentence. The asymmetry is systematic and consistent&#8212;and that is no coincidence, because coincidence does not produce patterns that hold for decades. Language does something here that goes beyond concealing agency. It dehumanizes in two ways simultaneously. Palestinian deaths <em>fall</em>&#8212;a verb without a cause, without a responsible party, almost meteorological. Palestinian survivors <em>shelter</em>, <em>flee</em>, and <em>are struck</em>&#8212;passive, motionless objects of forces greater than themselves. They are never the subject of their own history. They endure it. This is precisely what Penelope described: the grammatical promotion that is in fact a trap. Gaza &#8220;experiences a conflict.&#8221; Gazans &#8220;are displaced.&#8221; They have been given a label&#8212;refugee, victim, or human shield&#8212;while the acting party that made them so has been pushed ever further to the edge of the sentence and ultimately disappeared from it altogether.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Grammar is the system of rules and principles for writing, speaking and understanding a language.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Uit de zin, uit de aandacht]]></title><description><![CDATA[De grammatica vormt het denken, en het denken vormt wat we normaal vinden. Dat maakt de keuze voor actieve of passieve taal niet alleen een stilistische kwestie, maar een ethische.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/uit-de-zin-uit-de-aandacht</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/uit-de-zin-uit-de-aandacht</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 22 Mar 2026 06:21:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg" width="1200" height="906.5934065934066" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1100,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:2013165,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/191074783?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6XF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F767ac57f-671e-4b81-9330-a71d65b6d186_3458x2612.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@mana5280?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">mana5280</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-bunch-of-writing-on-a-blue-wall-i7lHB0GJtaE?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Do you prefer the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/out-of-the-sentence-out-of-mind">English version</a>?</em></p><h2>Inleiding</h2><p>De laatste jaren ben ik me meer bewust van de mogelijke effecten van woord- en taalgebruik. Onder andere via mijn interesse in hoe journalistiek invloed heeft op de manier waarop we het nieuws ervaren. Maar natuurlijk ook omdat ik inmiddels veel ervaring heb met het effect van taalgebruik op hetgeen iemand leert-, of welk inzicht ontstaat tijdens een <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mindfulness">mindfulnesstraining</a> of een <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/veerkrachttraining">veerkrachttrainingsdag</a>. Tenslotte heeft het oefenen met artikelen schrijven van de laatste jaren me ook wel wat bijgeleerd.</p><p>Evengoed was een van de meest leerzame ervaringen van de afgelopen jaren een artikel dat ik las over hoe daders en slachtoffers in nieuwsartikelen &#8220;behandeld&#8221; worden, en dat dat veel effect heeft op hoe we als maatschappij met slachtoffers omgaan. </p><p>Toen ik recent een TED-talk zag over hoe de taal die je spreekt invloed heeft op hoe je een brug beschrijft, vond ik het tijd voor een artikel over taal en grammatica. Dus daar gaat &#8216;ie!</p><h2>Schuld of ongeluk</h2><p>Stel je voor dat je een ongeluk ziet gebeuren. Iemand stoot een vaas om; in een museum ook nog, dus het is vast een hele kostbare. In het Engels beschrijf je dat waarschijnlijk als: <em>&#8220;He knocked over the vase.&#8221;</em> In het Spaans zou je eerder zeggen: <em>&#8220;Se cay&#243; eljarr&#243;n&#8221;</em> &#8212; de vaas viel. In deze laatste zin is er geen &#8220;dader&#8221;, er zit geen persoonlijk voornaamwoord in. Het vallen van de vaas was een gebeurtenis, meer niet.</p><p>Dit ogenschijnlijk kleine grammaticale verschil heeft verrassend grote gevolgen. Cognitief taalkundige Lera Boroditsky toonde in haar onderzoek aan dat Engelstaligen zich achteraf beter herinneren <em>wie</em> de vaas omstootte, terwijl Spaanstaligen zich beter herinneren <em>dat het een ongeluk was</em>. Twee mensen zien hetzelfde gebeuren, maar herinneren zich verschillende dingen, omdat hun taal hen &#8220;getraind&#8221; heeft om op verschillende dingen te letten. En het gaat verder dan alleen het geheugen: wanneer je mensen dezelfde sc&#232;ne laat zien, waarna de Engelstalige helft beschrijft wat er gebeurde met &#8220;hij deed het&#8221; en de Spaanstalige helft schrijft &#8220;het gebeurde&#8221;, blijkt de eerste groep de betrokkene significant (= meer dan je op basis van toeval mag verwachten) meer <em>schuld</em> toe te schrijven. Taal stuurt niet alleen ons geheugen, maar ook ons oordeel. <br><em>De TED-talk van Lera Boroditsky kun je onderaan dit artikel vinden.</em></p><h2>De grammatica van verdwijning</h2><p>Taalkundige Julia Penelope beschrijft in haar boek <em>Speaking Freely<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></em> een mechanisme dat ze de <em>grammatica van non-agency</em> noemde. Ze liet zien hoe zinnen over geweld stap voor stap worden hergeformuleerd en hoe de dader bij elke stap verder uit beeld verdwijnt<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>, terwijl het slachtoffer een merkwaardige grammaticale reis maakt.</p><p>Een artikel dat ik hierover las, maakte grote indruk op me. Volg de opbouw van de volgende zinnen maar eens:</p><ol><li><p><em>Jan slaat Marie. </em>Dit is een feitelijke beschrijving van wat er is gebeurd.  Jan is de handelende persoon. Marie is lijdend voorwerp: degene aan wie iets wordt gedaan. De zin beschrijft een daad en wijst een dader aan (de &#8220;agent&#8221; van <em>grammatica van non-<strong>agency</strong></em>); het is een <em>actieve zin</em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>.</p></li><li><p><em>Marie is geslagen door Jan.</em> Klopt ook, maar nu is er iets subtiels gebeurd:  Marie is naar voren geschoven en wordt grammaticaal onderwerp. Ze &#8220;promoveert&#8221;, maar niet naar handelend persoon. Ze wordt subject van iets wat haar <em>overkomt</em>. Jan &#8220;degradeert&#8221; naar een bijwoordelijke bepaling, een toevoeging achteraan de zin, grammaticaal nog optioneel ook. Let maar op wat er voor de hand ligt:</p></li><li><p><em>Marie werd geslagen.</em> H&#233;, Jan is buiten beeld! Marie is nog steeds subject, maar nu van een <em>non-agency</em> zin, een zin zonder dader. Er is alleen nog een toestand. Er is iets met haar gebeurd, maar wie erbij betrokken was, geen idee.</p></li><li><p><em>Marie is een mishandelde vrouw.</em> De laatste stap is de meest definitieve. Marie is geen subject meer van een gebeurtenis; ze is een zelfstandig naamwoord geworden. Ze valt samen met wat haar overkomen is. Het geweld dat Jan pleegde, is nu onderdeel van h&#225;&#225;r identiteit. Ze draagt het als een label.</p></li></ol><p>Wat er in deze vier zinnen is gebeurd, is wat mij betreft schokkend. Marie heeft een grammaticale verandering doorgemaakt: van lijdend voorwerp naar onderwerp van de zin. Maar eigenlijk is ze ergens in geluisd. Want ze is niet iemand meer die door Jan is geslagen, maar iemand die een probleem heeft, want ze is een mishandelde vrouw.</p><p>En misschien dat je herkent hoe vaak je in de media koppen leest van mensen die &#8220;een probleem hebben&#8221;, maar dat de dader niet genoemd wordt? Verderop heb ik nog enkele voorbeelden voor je.</p><p>De activist, auteur en filmmaker Jackson Katz gebruikte dit voorbeeld ook in zijn veelbekeken TED-talk (die ik pas recent voor het eerst zag) om te laten zien hoe dit mechanisme diepgaand doorwerkt in de manier waarop media, rechtbanken en de publieke opinie over huiselijk geweld spreken. We vragen niet: <em>waarom slaat Jan?</em> We vragen: <em>waarom blijft Marie bij hem?</em> De grammatica heeft ons ongemerkt en subtiel in de richting van <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/why-i-didnt-report-over-de-stilte">victim blaming</a> (het slachtoffer de schuld geven) gestuurd.</p><p>Katz voegde er een aanvullende observatie aan toe: zelfs de term <em>&#8220;geweld tegen vrouwen&#8221;</em> is grammaticaal een passieve constructie. Er is geen handelend subject. Het is een ding dat vrouwen overkomt &#8211; niet iets dat mannen doen.</p><h2>Elke dag in het nieuws</h2><p>Zoals Johan Cruijff zei: &#8220;Je gaat het pas zien als je het doorhebt&#8221;. Als je het eenmaal doorhebt, ga je dit mechanisme steeds vaker herkennen. Je vindt het elke dag in de krant en op nieuwssites, bijvoorbeeld in de berichtgeving over verkeersongelukken.</p><p>Een automobilist rijdt een fietser aan. Dat is wat er gebeurt. Maar volg hoe de berichtgeving zich ontvouwt en let daarbij op de grammaticale positie van elk van de twee betrokkenen:</p><ol><li><p><em>Automobilist rijdt fietser aan.</em> De automobilist is subject, de handelende persoon. De fietser is lijdend voorwerp. Helder, direct, eerlijk en feitelijk zo waar als maar zijn kan.</p></li><li><p><em>Fietser aangereden door automobilist</em>. De duivelse omkering: de fietser schuift naar voren en wordt grammaticaal subject. Maar net als Marie is het een schijnpromotie: de fietser is subject van iets wat hem <em>overkomt</em>. De automobilist is teruggedrongen naar een bijwoordelijke bepaling achteraan &#8211; grammaticale bijzaak, bijna een voetnoot. Hij kan zo via de coulissen het toneel af.</p></li><li><p><em>Fietser aangereden door auto.</em> Zie je wel, weg is de bestuurder. Dit zou de kop kunnen zijn die we in de krant lezen<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a>. De bestuurder is vervangen door het voertuig. Niet een mens nam een beslissing, reed te hard, keek niet uit; een ding was in beweging. Het persoonlijke aspect is gewist; wat overblijft is mechanica.</p></li><li><p><em>Fietser aangereden.</em> De auto is ook verdwenen. Er is alleen nog een fietser die een probleem heeft en &#8220;aangereden&#8221; is; door niemand, door niets, blijkbaar zomaar. Het noodlot dat hem trof.</p></li></ol><p>De fietser heeft in vier stappen dezelfde grammaticale reis gemaakt als Marie: van lijdend voorwerp naar onderwerp van de zin. Maar ook hier is het een valstrik. Als grammaticaal subject van een passieve zin zonder dader is hij niet langer iemand die iets overkomt door toedoen van een ander; hij is iemand die kennelijk in een wereld leeft waar dit soort dingen simpelweg <em>gebeurt</em>. En in die wereld gaan we ons onwillekeurig afvragen: droeg hij een helm? Was hij zichtbaar genoeg? Reed hij wel aan de goede kant? De automobilist is allang en samen met zijn handelen en zijn verantwoordelijkheid buiten beeld geraakt.</p><p>Dit is zelden een bewuste samenzwering op nieuwsredacties (hoop ik tenminste). Het is de natuurlijke aantrekkingskracht van de passieve vorm, die in nieuwstaal extra sterk is omdat ze beknopt en neutraal <em>klinkt</em>, terwijl ze allesbehalve neutraal is.</p><h2>Een lange adem en een dikke huid</h2><p>Van alle zogenaamd sociale media maak ik alleen nog gebruik van <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/rdecaluwe/">LinkedIn</a>. Daar volg ik al een tijdje <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/zo%C3%AB-papaikonomou/">Zo&#235; Papaikonomou</a>, een journalist met een focus op diversiteit, inclusie en gelijkwaardigheid. Ze onderzoekt daarbinnen vooral de werking van macht. Bijna dagelijks tref ik een post van haar aan met daarin een correctie van een krantenkop of nieuwstitel. Hieronder enkele recente posts van Zo&#235;:</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5a88cdf3-7504-4967-9d9e-e350d5a84bea_1048x1304.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/36e94315-5d99-446f-b81f-634c36c6eaee_1110x1554.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/975eb6b5-13e7-4f03-b4e9-33b21d14ac0a_1046x1150.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5973a886-9b6e-4e1a-a6fa-b32942f971cf_1040x1276.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Screenshots van de LinkedIn-feed van Zo&#235; Papaikonomou&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Screenshots van de LinkedIn-feed van Zo&#235; Papaikonomou&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b261cc46-c5b7-4c2f-a775-8c6fea83d017_1456x1456.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>Wat ik overigens ook lees, is dat journalisten zoals Papaikonomou regelmatig haatmails krijgen. Blijkbaar roept het een en ander op als je je kop boven het maaiveld uitsteekt. Wat mij betreft een extra reden om journalisten met deze missie te ondersteunen en te volgen<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a>, want tjonge, wat een koppen zie je soms voorbij komen en wat is het nodig dat de gevestigde media daarop aangesproken worden.</p><h2>Nog drie rijtjes</h2><p><strong>Op de werkvloer:</strong></p><ol><li><p><em>De manager betastte de medewerkster.</em></p></li><li><p><em>De medewerkster werd betast door de manager.</em></p></li><li><p><em>De medewerkster werd betast.</em> Manager verdwenen.</p></li><li><p><em>Er was sprake van een ongewenste situatie tussen twee collega&#8217;s.</em></p></li></ol><p><strong>In de geschiedenisboekjes:</strong></p><ol><li><p><em>Nederland heeft Indonesi&#235; gekoloniseerd, leeggeplunderd en met geweld bezet gehouden</em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a><em>.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Indonesi&#235; werd door Nederland gekoloniseerd.</em> De duivelse omkering.</p></li><li><p><em>Indonesi&#235; werd gekoloniseerd.</em> Nederland buiten beeld.</p></li><li><p><em>Indonesi&#235; heeft een koloniale periode gekend.</em> Het kolonialisme is omgezet in een historisch tijdperk, iets wat Indonesi&#235; gewoon overkwam, zoals een ijstijd of een droge zomer. Geen dader, geen beslissing, geen verantwoordelijkheid.</p></li></ol><p><strong>In de actualiteit:</strong></p><ol><li><p><em>Het Isra&#235;lische leger bombardeerde een vluchtelingenkamp, waarbij honderden burgers omkwamen</em>. Helder (en heel verdrietig).</p></li><li><p><em>Bij bombardementen op een vluchtelingenkamp in Gaza kwamen honderden mensen om.</em></p></li><li><p><em>In Gaza vielen weer tientallen doden.</em> Geen leger, geen bommen, geen beslissing. Mensen vielen, zoals bladeren vallen.</p></li><li><p><em>Het conflict in het Midden-Oosten eist opnieuw slachtoffers.</em> &#8212; Twee partijen, &#233;&#233;n abstract conflict<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a>.</p></li></ol><h2>Is de brug vrouwelijk of mannelijk? <br>Het maakt uit.</h2><p>Het effect van taal op denken stopt niet bij geweld en schuld. Boroditsky onderzocht ook de invloed van grammaticaal geslacht: de eigenschap van veel talen om elk zelfstandig naamwoord een geslacht toe te kennen.</p><p>Neem het woord <em>brug</em>. In het Duits is <em>die Br&#252;cke</em> vrouwelijk. In het Spaans is <em>el puente</em> mannelijk. Wanneer Boroditsky Duitstaligen vroeg een brug te beschrijven, kozen ze vaker voor woorden als <em>mooi, elegant</em> en <em>sierlijk</em>, woorden die meestal met vrouwelijke aspecten geassocieerd worden. Spaanstaligen kozen vaker voor <em>sterk, stoer</em> en <em>groot</em>, woorden die over het algemeen met mannelijke aspecten geassocieerd worden. Dezelfde brug. Ander grammaticaal geslacht. Ander beeld.</p><p>Een vergelijkbaar patroon vinden we bij de sleutel: in het Spaans vrouwelijk (<em>la llave</em>), in het Duits mannelijk (<em>der Schl&#252;ssel</em>). Duitstaligen beschreven sleutels als <em>hard, zwaar</em> en <em>metaalachtig</em>; Spaanstaligen als <em>klein, glinsterend</em> en <em>handig</em>. Het grammaticale geslacht van een woord kleurt de associaties die mensen bij dat woord hebben, zonder dat ze zich daarvan bewust zijn.</p><p>Dit betekent dat de taal die je spreekt mede bepaalt hoe je de wereld om je heen <em>aanvoelt</em>, welke eigenschappen je opvallen en welke kwaliteiten je toeschrijft aan de dingen die je tegenkomt. En als dat al geldt voor bruggen en sleutels, geldt het waarschijnlijk ook voor woorden als <em>slachtoffer </em>of <em>dader</em>.</p><h2>Zevenduizend manieren om in de werkelijkheid te staan</h2><p>Boroditsky&#8217;s onderzoek laat zien dat dit geen randverschijnselen zijn. Taal bepaalt hoe mensen zich in de ruimte ori&#235;nteren, hoe ze tijd visualiseren, hoe ze kleuren onderscheiden, hoe ze getallen begrijpen en eigenlijk ook of abstracte wiskunde &#252;berhaupt denkbaar is. De <em>Kuuk Thaayorre</em>, een natuurvolk dat in het noordoosten van Australi&#235; leeft, heeft geen woorden voor <em>links</em> en <em>rechts,</em> maar gebruikt uitsluitend de windrichtingen. Ze blijken consequent beter geori&#235;nteerd dan mensen uit westerse culturen, zelfs in een voor hen vreemd landschap. Een vijfjarig kind uit deze gemeenschap weet feilloos waar het noorden ligt. De gemiddeld briljante universiteitsstudent uit Europa of Amerika heeft er geen idee van.</p><p>Er zijn wereldwijd ongeveer zevenduizend talen. Dat zijn zevenduizend manieren om in de werkelijkheid te staan en haar te benoemen en te beleven. Boroditsky noemt dat de schoonheid van taalkundige diversiteit: het laat zien hoe vindingrijk en flexibel de menselijke geest is. Maar het heeft ook een keerzijde, want we verliezen elke week ongeveer &#233;&#233;n taal, en met elke taal verdwijnt dus een unieke manier van naar de wereld kijken.</p><p>Zoals je las, toonde Boroditsky aan dat taal bepaalt wat we ons herinneren, wie we schuld geven, wie we straffen. Als een generatie opgroeit met berichtgeving waarin Palestijnse doden grammaticaal stuurloos vallen, terwijl Isra&#235;lische doden altijd een dader hebben, dan vormt dat een wereldbeeld. Het wordt een culturele programmering die trekjes heeft van propaganda, maar dan onbedoeld; door woorden en zinnen die neutraal leken.</p><p>De grammatica beslist niet alleen wie dader is en wie slachtoffer. Ze beslist, subtiel en hardnekkig, wie wij als volledig mens zien en wie wij zien als iemand aan wie een gebeurtenis overkomt.</p><h2>De illusie van neutraliteit</h2><p>Journalisten, redacteuren en hoofdredacteuren zullen zeggen dat ze neutraal berichten. Dat ze feiten weergeven en niet oordelen. Dat ze geen partij kiezen. Maar wat de taalwetenschap ons laat zien, is dat grammaticale neutraliteit niet bestaat. Elke zin is een keuze. Wie vooraan staat, wie achteraan, wie verdwijnt. Dat zijn geen stilistische voorkeuren, maar politieke beslissingen, ook als ze onbewust worden genomen.</p><p>Een redacteur die schrijft <em>&#8220;fietser aangereden&#8221;</em> kiest niet voor neutraliteit. Hij kiest voor een formulering die de automobilist uit beeld haalt. Een verslaggever die schrijft <em>&#8220;er was sprake van een ongewenste situatie&#8221;</em> kiest niet voor zorgvuldigheid. Hij kiest voor een formulering die de machtsverhouding uitwist. Een geschiedenisboek dat schrijft <em>&#8220;Indonesi&#235; heeft een koloniale periode gekend&#8221;</em> kiest niet voor objectiviteit. Het kiest voor een perspectief waarin de kolonisator onzichtbaar mag blijven.</p><p>De Franse filosoof Roland Barthes noemde dit mechanisme <em>mythologisering</em>: de manier waarop culturele en politieke keuzes worden vermomd als natuurlijke, vanzelfsprekende feiten. Er wordt geen bewuste keuze meer gemaakt &#8211; wie vooraan in de zin staat, wie verdwijnt, welk woord we kiezen &#8211; en de ontstane gewoonte vormt mede onze werkelijkheid. De taal pretendeert te beschrijven hoe de dingen nu eenmaal zijn. En dat is precies het moment waarop ze het gevaarlijkst is: niet als taal liegt, maar als ze zo vanzelfsprekend klinkt dat niemand meer de vraag stelt of het ook anders kon.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nxo4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a0089a-ad43-402c-9f30-b16c4bea2d02_1092x578.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nxo4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a0089a-ad43-402c-9f30-b16c4bea2d02_1092x578.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nxo4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a0089a-ad43-402c-9f30-b16c4bea2d02_1092x578.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nxo4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a0089a-ad43-402c-9f30-b16c4bea2d02_1092x578.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nxo4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a0089a-ad43-402c-9f30-b16c4bea2d02_1092x578.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nxo4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a0089a-ad43-402c-9f30-b16c4bea2d02_1092x578.jpeg" width="1092" height="578" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d3a0089a-ad43-402c-9f30-b16c4bea2d02_1092x578.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:578,&quot;width&quot;:1092,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:165261,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/191074783?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a0089a-ad43-402c-9f30-b16c4bea2d02_1092x578.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nxo4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a0089a-ad43-402c-9f30-b16c4bea2d02_1092x578.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nxo4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a0089a-ad43-402c-9f30-b16c4bea2d02_1092x578.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nxo4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a0089a-ad43-402c-9f30-b16c4bea2d02_1092x578.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nxo4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a0089a-ad43-402c-9f30-b16c4bea2d02_1092x578.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Nog een voorbeeldje dan maar &#8230;</figcaption></figure></div><h2>Taal of grammatica?</h2><p>Het onderscheid tussen deze twee is van belang, omdat grammatica<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a> vaak onbewuster werkt dan woordkeuze. Je merkt het direct als iemand een beladen woord gebruikt, zoals <em>slachtoffer</em>, <em>terrorist</em>, <em>illegaal. </em>Woorden dragen hun lading hoorbaar mee. Je kunt woorden aanwijzen, betwisten, vervangen, maar als een zin passief is opgebouwd, glijdt hij erin als Gods woord in een ouderling. Niemand protesteert tegen een passieve zin. Geen redacteur markeert hem als tendentieus. Geen lezer voelt weerstand. En ongemerkt doet de zin zijn snode werk.</p><p>Dat is ook wat grammatica zo effectief maakt als politiek instrument: ze opereert onder de radar van het bewuste oordeel. We zijn getraind om te letten op wat er gezegd wordt. We zijn nauwelijks getraind om te letten op hoe de zin is opgebouwd; wie als eerste genoemd staat, wie achteraan staat, wie stilzwijgend is weggelaten. Dat wordt dan de manier waarop &#8220;de dingen nu eenmaal worden opgeschreven&#8221;.</p><p>Boroditsky&#8217;s onderzoek laat zien dat dit geen onschuldig fenomeen is. Proefpersonen die exact dezelfde gebeurtenis beschreven kregen &#8211; het enige verschil was de zinsbouw, actief of passief &#8211; kwamen tot andere oordelen over schuld en verantwoordelijkheid. Ze hadden dezelfde feiten, maar andere grammatica. En die grammatica stuurde hun denken, zonder dat ze het merkten.</p><p>Dat is het eigenaardige en verontrustende aan grammaticale be&#239;nvloeding: ze laat geen sporen achter in het geheugen. Je herinnert je de conclusie &#8211; <em>het was een ongeluk, het was een conflict, het was een tragische situatie</em> &#8211; maar niet de zin die je daarheen leidde. De grammatica heeft haar werk gedaan en is verdwenen. Wat overblijft, is een gedachte die voelt als je eigen overtuiging.</p><h2>Media als spiegel en als mal</h2><p>Media <em>berichten</em> dus niet alleen over de werkelijkheid; ze <em>vormen</em> mede hoe we die werkelijkheid begrijpen. Als nieuwsmedia jaar in jaar uit schrijven over vrouwen die mishandeld worden, fietsers die aangereden worden, gemeenschappen die geplunderd zijn, dan sijpelt dat door in hoe lezers de wereld waarnemen. Het is waarschijnlijk geen bewuste manipulatie, maar een langzaam sedimenteren van een bepaald wereldbeeld: een wereld waarin dingen <em>gebeuren</em>, waarin mensen <em>dingen overkomen</em>, waarin verantwoordelijkheid een diffuus en ongrijpbaar begrip is.</p><p>Boroditsky&#8217;s onderzoek laat zien dat taal niet alleen beschrijft wat we denken &#8211; ze bepaalt mede <em>wat we kunnen denken</em>. Wie nooit zinnen hoort of leest waarin een dader als handelend subject verschijnt, ontwikkelt moeizamer het cognitieve kader om daderschap &#252;berhaupt scherp te zien. De grammatica vormt het denken, en het denken vormt wat we rechtvaardig, normaal of onvermijdelijk vinden.</p><p>Dat maakt de keuze voor actieve of passieve taal niet alleen een stilistische kwestie, maar een ethische. Wie schrijft, onderwijst, rapporteert of bericht &#8211; en dat doen we eigenlijk allemaal, in deze tijd waarin iedereen een blog heeft &#8211; staat voortdurend voor de vraag: wie zet ik vooraan in de zin? Wie laat ik verdwijnen? En wat voor werkelijkheid schep ik daarmee, zin voor zin, dag na dag?</p><h2>Zelf kijken</h2><p><a href="https://decorrespondent.nl/">Journalisten</a> die het begrepen hebben:</p><div id="youtube2-fYbRXZAPXA4" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;fYbRXZAPXA4&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/fYbRXZAPXA4?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>Jackson Katz, TEDxFiDiWomen, &#8220;<a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/jackson_katz_violence_against_women_it_s_a_men_s_issue">Violence against women &#8212; it&#8217;s a men&#8217;s issue</a>&#8221;</p><div id="youtube2-ElJxUVJ8blw" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;ElJxUVJ8blw&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ElJxUVJ8blw?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>Lera Boroditsky, TED2018, &#8220;<a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/lera_boroditsky_how_language_shapes_the_way_we_think">How language shapes the way we think</a>&#8221;</p><div id="youtube2-RKK7wGAYP6k" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;RKK7wGAYP6k&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/RKK7wGAYP6k?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Als je dit artikel lezenswaardig vond en (nog) geen betaald abonnement wilt, mag je me ook trakteren op een cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Julia Penelope, <em>Speaking Freely: Unlearning the Lies of the Fathers&#8217; Tongues</em> (1990).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>De grammatica van non-agency</em> beschrijft dus het geheel aan taalmechanismen waarmee het handelend vermogen [= iemand die iets doet] uit een zin verdwijnt.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>In een actieve zin is het grammaticale onderwerp de handelende persoon: <em>De automobilist reed de fietser aan.</em> De volgorde is logisch en transparant &#8211; wie deed wat aan wie. In een passieve zin wordt het lijdend voorwerp naar voren geschoven en verdwijnt de handelende persoon naar achteren of helemaal uit de zin: <em>De fietser werd aangereden door de automobilist</em>, of nog verder: <em>De fietser werd aangereden.</em> De passieve vorm wordt in het Nederlands gevormd met een vorm van <em>worden</em> of <em>zijn</em> plus een voltooid deelwoord.</p><p>Passieve zinnen zijn niet per definitie fout: soms is de handelende persoon onbekend, onbelangrijk, of wil je juist de nadruk leggen op wat er met iemand gebeurde. Maar zoals dit artikel laat zien, heeft de keuze tussen actief en passief altijd een effect op wie zichtbaar is en wie niet, en daarmee op wie wij verantwoordelijk achten.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ik ben benieuwd of iemand me een voorbeeld kan geven waarin we &#8216;<em>Automobilist rijdt fietser aan&#8217; </em>in een krant of op een nieuwssite kunnen vinden.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Een andere journalist die zeer de moeite waard is om te volgen, is <a href="https://frederikegeerdink.com/">Fr&#233;derike Geerdink</a>. Haar essay &#8220;<a href="https://libris.nl/a/frederike-geerdink/alle-journalistiek-is-activisme/501623110#paperback-9789403135571">Alle journalistiek is activisme</a>&#8221; is zeer de moeite waard!</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>"Leeggeplunderd" is geen retorische overdrijving; het beschrijft een economisch uitbuitingsmodel dat bewust was ontworpen om rijkdom van de kolonie naar het moederland te sluizen, ten koste van de lokale bevolking.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Vergelijk dit met hoe diezelfde media berichten over geweld van Palestijnse kant: <em>Hamas</em> <em>doodde, Hamas vuurde, Hamas ontvoerde</em>. Altijd een handelend subject. Altijd een dader in de zin. De asymmetrie is stelselmatig en consistent en dat is geen toeval, want toeval produceert geen patronen die decennialang standhouden.</p><p>De taal doet hier iets dat verder gaat dan daderschap verhullen. Ze ontmenselijkt op twee manieren tegelijk. Palestijnse doden <em>vallen</em> &#8211; een werkwoord zonder oorzaak, zonder verantwoordelijke, bijna meteorologisch. Palestijnse overlevenden <em>schuilen, vluchten, worden getroffen</em> &#8211; passief, bewegingloos, object van krachten die groter zijn dan zij. Ze zijn nooit subject van hun eigen geschiedenis. Ze ondergaan haar.</p><p>Dit is precies wat Penelope beschreef: de grammaticale promotie die een valstrik is. Gaza &#8220;kent een conflict.&#8221; De Gazanen &#8220;zijn ontheemden.&#8221; Ze hebben een label gekregen &#8211; vluchteling, slachtoffer, menselijk schild &#8211; terwijl de handelende partij die hen daartoe maakte steeds verder naar de rand van de zin is geschoven, en uiteindelijk uit de zin verdwenen is.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Grammatica is het systeem van regels en principes voor het schrijven, spreken en begrijpen van een taal.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Polyvagal Theory for Beginners]]></title><description><![CDATA[Polyvagal theory is about the communication between the brain and the body. It describes how internal and external signals influence our sense of safety and guide our behavior.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagal-theory-for-beginners</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagal-theory-for-beginners</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 09:10:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg" width="1200" height="799.4505494505495" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:970,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:524030,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@halacious?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Halacious</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/science?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a>, edited by Ronald de Caluw&#233;</figcaption></figure></div><h2>About This Article</h2><p><em>This article is part of <strong><a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/s/de-polyvagale-wereld">&#8220;The Polyvagal World&#8221;</a></strong> on <strong>RelaxMore.net</strong> and is intended as an accessible starting point for anyone who is new to polyvagal theory. Additional articles on <strong>RelaxMore.net</strong> and in the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/relaxicon">Relaxicon</a> explore specific themes such as <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/neuroceptie">neuroception</a>, <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/co-regulatie">co-regulation</a>, and <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/over-fawn-en-please-and-appease">fawning</a> in greater depth. Questions are welcome in the comments.</em></p><h2>Introduction</h2><p>Polyvagal theory is about the communication between the brain and the body. It describes how internal and external signals&#8212;largely outside our conscious awareness&#8212;influence our sense of safety and guide our behavior. The theory offers insight into the intelligence of our evolutionary heritage: over millions of years, that heritage has shaped our nervous system with one purpose in mind: to protect us and enable us to function optimally within our environment.</p><p>The theory touches on several disciplines at once: psychology, physiology, evolutionary biology, and neurology. This synthesis sometimes complicates it, but also especially valuable&#8212;it connects what mainstream medicine still too often treats in isolation.</p><blockquote><h4>Are you a therapist or healthcare provider interested in this material?</h4><p>I have developed a two-day training program (in Dutch): &#8220;<strong><a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/training-polyvagaaltheorie">Polyvagal Theory and Trauma Responses</a></strong>&#8221; &#8212; in-depth theory with practical application.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/training-polyvagaaltheorie">Check deze training</a></strong></p></blockquote><h1>The Science of the Feeling of Connection and Safety</h1><div class="pullquote"><p><em>&#8220;The great thing then, in all education,<br>is to make our nervous system our ally,<br>as opposed to our enemy.&#8221;</em></p><p>William James, 1914</p></div><p>It is remarkable that William James already sensed in 1914 how decisive our nervous system is for our well-being. Exactly eighty years later, Stephen Porges gave this scientific grounding in polyvagal theory. Safety&#8212;or rather, the inner experience of safety&#8212;plays a central role:</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>&#8220;How safe we feel is crucial to our mental and physical health and happiness.&#8221;</em></p><p>Stephen Porges</p></div><h1>What Is Polyvagal Theory About?</h1><p>The <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/autonoom-zenuwstelsel">autonomic nervous system</a>&#8212;the part that unconsciously regulates all kinds of bodily functions&#8212;turns out to be more than just a control system for our physiology. It also contains the core structures that allow us to experience safety or threat. Polyvagal theory describes what one might call the language of our autonomic nervous system.</p><p>Professor of psychiatry and neuroscientist Stephen Porges published the theory in 1994. He shows how the evolution of our autonomic nervous system explains why we respond to stress, threat, and social contact the way we do. In doing so, he draws connections between autonomic dysregulation and a broad range of physical and mental complaints.</p><p>Polyvagal theory is increasingly concerned with connection and love: with the factors that make connection possible, and with what happens when that connection is absent. In this way, it also offers guidance for broader social questions: how do we make the world a safer place?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg" width="326" height="326" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1000,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:326,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Stephen Porges, bron: www.stephenporges.com&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Stephen Porges, bron: www.stephenporges.com" title="Stephen Porges, bron: www.stephenporges.com" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Prof. Stephen Porges</figcaption></figure></div><p>Polyvagal theory is about how our body responds to the various challenges of life. These responses are rooted in the evolution of our autonomic nervous system. Throughout our evolutionary history as vertebrates, that autonomic nervous system has gradually changed. In the process, new pathways or circuits have emerged. These circuits function in a hierarchy; the newer circuits inhibit the older ones. Those older circuits are the defense or protection circuits. In medicine and various therapies, we are now gaining greater insight into the role that a dysregulated autonomic nervous system plays in many diseases, especially chronic ones. The autonomic nervous system also exerts a significant influence on mental health.</p><p>A poorly regulated autonomic nervous system&#8212;in other words, one that is dysregulated, or out of balance&#8212;may, according to polyvagal theory (PVT), help explain several gastrointestinal complaints (including constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and spastic colon), most post-traumatic symptoms, sensory hypersensitivity, and some features associated with autistic traits.</p><p>What is particularly valuable about Porges&#8217; work is that he not only developed a theory but also foresaw its practical implications. He proposes alternative, more body-oriented treatment options, which have already produced good results. Recently, Porges has devoted increasing attention in his work to the practical implications of polyvagal theory.</p><p>Polyvagal theory is increasingly about love and connection. The theory sheds light on the factors that make connection possible, but also on the factors that play a role when we miss or lose connection. Through this new science, we can learn what in our society will help make the world a more loving place.</p><h2>What Does &#8216;Polyvagal&#8217; Mean?</h2><p>Poly means &#8216;multiple&#8217;; vagal refers to the vagus nerve, one of the most important cranial nerves in our body. Polyvagal therefore, means &#8216;multiple vagal pathways.&#8217; The impression may arise that the theory is only about the vagus nerve, but that is not the case. Four other cranial nerves also play a role, and the theory describes the entire autonomic nervous system as an integrated whole.</p><h2>How Does Polyvagal Theory Stand Scientifically?</h2><p>Polyvagal theory has found broad acceptance in clinical practice&#8212;in trauma care, body-oriented therapy, and developmental psychology. Pioneers such as Peter Levine (Somatic Experiencing&#174;), Bessel van der Kolk, and Pat Ogden recognized in Porges&#8217; work the neurobiological explanation they had been searching for&#8212;the one that confirmed what they had been observing in the treatment room for years: the path to trauma healing runs through the body.</p><p>At the same time, there is scientific debate. The most prominent criticism comes from researchers Grossman and Taylor, who raised questions about a number of anatomical and evolutionary details of the theory&#8212;particularly regarding the interpretation of the vagus nerve and the evolutionary ordering of vagal circuits. Porges has responded to this criticism and refined parts of his formulation. That debate is not fully closed, and rightly so: this is how science works.</p><p>The core of polyvagal theory&#8212;that our autonomic nervous system operates within a hierarchy of survival circuits and that safety is the foundation for connection and recovery&#8212;stands firm as a clinical explanatory model and continues to be substantiated. Elsewhere on this website I discuss the scientific debate in greater depth; the website of the <a href="https://www.polyvagalinstitute.org/">Polyvagal Institute</a> (and here the <a href="https://polyvagaalinstituut.nl/">Dutch foundation</a>) is also worth following in this context.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>&#8220;Knowledge is meaningless until it lives in the body.&#8221;</em></p><p>Peter Levine</p></div><h1>The Three Pillars of Polyvagal Theory</h1><p>Polyvagal theory rests on three interconnected insights. In most accounts, these pillars are listed in the same order: (1) Autonomic Hierarchy, (2) Neuroception, and (3) Co-regulation.</p><p>The first pillar receives the most attention in the literature, but that is not, in my view, a reason to describe it first in this overview. I now prefer a &#8216;chronological sequence&#8217;: what happens, step by step, in real life? That gives a different order:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Neuroception</strong> (the scanning process that sets everything in motion), and then, on the basis of that scanning, the regulation of the&#8230;</p></li><li><p><strong>Autonomic hierarchy.</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Co-regulation</strong> comes third, though it remains a somewhat tricky concept wherever you place it.</p></li></ol><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Ordinarily, a paywall would appear here &#8212; but because I consider this an important article for anyone with an interest in polyvagal theory, I have removed the paywall for this article.</strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>Pillar 1: Neuroception &#8212; Our Unconscious Safety Radar</h2><p>Our nervous system continuously scans the environment, our body, and the relational field for signals of safety or threat. This happens at lightning speed, automatically, and entirely outside our conscious awareness. Porges calls this process neuroception: the neural detection of safety, danger, or life threat.</p><p>Neuroception differs from perception. Perception is conscious awareness; neuroception is a deeper, older system that responds before the cerebral cortex has processed the information. This explains why we sometimes feel tense in a situation that &#8216;objectively&#8217; seems safe or why we relax while others remain worried: our neuroception is responding to subtle signals we do not consciously notice.</p><h3>The Three Information Channels of Neuroception</h3><p>Neuroception draws on three streams of information to determine whether the current place and moment are safe or whether there is danger or life threat:</p><ul><li><p>External signals: environmental sounds, light intensity, spatial openness or enclosure, the familiarity of a place, and all other information coming in through the senses.</p></li><li><p>Internal signals: muscle tension, heart rate, breathing, gut feelings, pain, fatigue, nausea, temperature sensation, hunger, thirst&#8212;in short, everything that arrives via interoception (the &#8216;inner senses&#8217;). </p></li></ul><p>In people with a chronic condition, this channel is especially relevant and often especially problematic: the body continuously sends signals of unsafety or threat&#8212;pain, exhaustion, discomfort&#8212;causing neuroception to be structurally colored toward danger, even when no external threat is present. This explains why chronic pain and fatigue are so closely intertwined with autonomic dysregulation.</p><ul><li><p>Relational signals: these are signals that come directly from the nervous system of another person&#8212;tone and quality of voice, facial expression and eye contact, body posture and movement, and the quality of touch. It is not the environment or context as such, but what the other body radiates and what our nervous system picks up from it, before we do anything consciously with it.</p></li></ul><p>Based on this scanning process&#8212;which takes place around the clock, using ancient brain structures in the brainstem and surrounding subcortical areas to analyze the incoming information from all three streams &#8212; the nervous system determines which autonomic state (Pillar 2) is appropriate, and automatically &#8216;switches&#8217; to it. We do not choose this; our body does it for us.</p><p>Where our consciousness enters the picture is when we notice that our autonomic state has changed&#8212;for example, that our heart rate has gone up or that we feel more or less tense.</p><h3>When Neuroception Makes &#8216;Mistakes&#8217;</h3><p>We are all generally born with a reasonably well-calibrated neuroception. Our neuroception is &#8216;trained&#8217; by the experiences we go through and can become dysregulated in the process. In people with a trauma history, neuroception may detect danger where none exists, or miss genuine threat signals. A relatively neutral remark from a colleague is experienced as an attack; a crowded room triggers panic; intimate contact feels unsafe. This is not a conscious choice or &#8216;overreacting&#8217;; it is a nervous system that has learned to be extra vigilant.</p><p>In people who experienced severe stress very early in life&#8212;for example, a premature birth, medical interventions as a newborn, or even significant stress in the womb &#8212; neuroception may be calibrated toward threat from very early on. In my articles on GHIA, I write more about this.</p><p>These insights have major consequences for how we relate to people who react strongly to situations that seem neutral to us. The question should not be &#8216;Why is he or she making such a fuss?&#8217; but rather &#8216;What is this person&#8217;s nervous system detecting that mine is not?&#8217; or perhaps even better, &#8216;What have you been through?&#8217;</p><p>Our neuroception does not make mistakes; it has been calibrated based on our experiences. Its intention has always been, and still is, to help us survive in a way that costs as little energy as possible.</p><h2>Pillar 2: The Evolutionarily Shaped Autonomic Hierarchy</h2><p>Now that we understand how the nervous system scans the environment (neuroception) &#8212; and how this forms the basis for regulating autonomic state&#8212;let us look at what the available options actually are.</p><p>Polyvagal theory describes that we humans share the same survival strategies as other mammals. When we feel safe, we are more inclined to seek connection with one another. This happens via the so-called ventral vagal circuits. One might also call this the &#8216;<strong>connection system</strong>&#8217;. In this state, we are able to feel compassion, comfort others, and behave in a friendly and understanding way. We feel more caringly connected to ourselves, and we are able to learn.</p><p>When neuroception detects a threat, a number of responses become available. These are often presented as a predictable, stepwise sequence of responses. Reality is somewhat less linear, but for now we will use the standard sequence.</p><p>First, we try to resolve a threatening situation by establishing a social connection. We ask for help or offer to help. The <strong>connection system</strong> is further activated. If this does not lead to a restoration of safety and connectedness, we then automatically engage our sympathetic nervous system (the <strong>action system</strong>) to flee from or fight against the source of threat. Fight and flight sometimes occur literally, but today more often figuratively&#8212;for example, raising one&#8217;s voice or blaming others (fight) or changing the subject or acting very busy (flight).</p><p>If activating the <strong>action system</strong> does not produce the desired effect, we ultimately fall back on the dorsal vagal circuits (let us call this the <strong>rest-and-withdrawal system</strong>), which immobilizes us in a freeze response. In this state, we feel helpless, powerless, and shut down.</p><p>Polyvagal theory thus describes three levels for dealing with stress and threat: three hierarchically organized subsystems of the autonomic nervous system.</p><p>The confusion often lies in the word hierarchical. The hierarchy is not so much about which state is activated after which; rather, it refers to evolutionary age and the fact that &#8216;newer&#8217; systems inhibit the &#8216;older&#8217; ones. In evolutionary terms, the <strong>rest-and-withdrawal system</strong> is the oldest, followed by the <strong>action system</strong>, with the <strong>connection system</strong> being the most recent.</p><p>We use our higher, newer brain structures to inhibit our older defense systems when there is no danger. An evolutionarily determined hierarchy&#8212;or, in more formal language, a phylogenetic ordering (i.e., the developmental history of a species).</p><h3>Summary</h3><p>For clarity, the following sequence is useful:</p><ul><li><p>In <em>safety, or when safety is in question</em>: seeking contact and social connection via the <strong>connection system</strong>. If that is not sufficient&#8230;</p></li><li><p>When there is <em>danger or apparent danger</em>, switching to mobilization&#8212;the <strong>action system</strong> activates via the fight-and-flight response. If that also fails&#8230;</p></li><li><p>Then there is apparently a <em>life threat</em>: a response of immobilization or freezing arises via the <strong>rest-and-withdrawal system</strong>.</p></li></ul><p>This sequence suggests too rigid an order; for sensitive readers, a value judgment may also seem implicit&#8212;as if having the connection system activated is somehow better than having one of the other two active. The sequence fits with the concept of an autonomic ladder, an image widely used to explain polyvagal theory and one that has been very helpful but for which we now have better alternatives.</p><p>As we already concluded in the section on neuroception, the goal of the whole process is to ensure our survival. There are therefore no &#8216;wrong&#8217; autonomic states; they are all adaptive&#8212;a response to the situation as neuroception has interpreted it.</p><h3>Not Only in the Face of Threat</h3><p>These systems do not only activate in response to stress and threat; they are also active in daily life. Our autonomic nervous system is always &#8216;on,&#8217; 24 hours a day. Even when we experience no threat, the three systems are active in some combination. When exercising, the action system is active&#8212;but without threat being present; when meditating, the rest-and-withdrawal system comes to the foreground&#8212;again, without threat. This is an important addition that polyvagal theory has contributed.</p><h3>Mixed States</h3><p>Another aspect of autonomic regulation is that the three systems do not switch on and off like light switches but shift gradually. For this reason I have moved away from the ladder metaphor and developed an autonomic mixing panel.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:521068,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/147347230?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#169; Relax More</figcaption></figure></div><p>This yields an even more nuanced picture of how the three systems work together and allows us to name states in which two systems are simultaneously in the foreground. When you are sitting with your partner on the sofa, for example, the chances are that both your connection system and your rest-and-withdrawal system are active. Often during exercise, not only the action system is running, but the connection system is also engaged. There are countless examples of how the autonomic mixing panel might be set at any given moment.</p><p>In recent years, considerable attention has also been paid to the concepts of fawning and please-and-appease&#8212;both of which are also examples of mixed states.</p><p>In this picture, neuroception is the hand that operates the mixing panel:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:456898,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/147347230?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#169; Relax More</figcaption></figure></div><h3>Free Choice?</h3><p>No one consciously chooses to enter a fight-or-flight response or to freeze. Many survivors of violence or abuse carry feelings of guilt about not having resisted or having resisted less than they feel they should have. The response to life-threatening events, however, is not a voluntary choice; our body makes that choice based on neuroception.</p><p><em>In polyvagal theory, there is no such thing as a bad response&#8212;there are only adaptive survival responses.</em></p><h3>No Fixed Sequence</h3><p>Which autonomic state is activated in a given situation&#8212;whether safe or threatening&#8212;and how it is expressed differs from person to person. The evolutionary hierarchy is fixed; the three systems have developed in the sequence described. But the hierarchy does not mean that you <em>always</em> move from the <strong>connection system</strong> to the <strong>action system</strong>; this &#8216;phase&#8217; can be skipped entirely, and someone may shift directly into the <strong>rest-and-withdrawal system</strong>.</p><p>Earlier experiences can cause the connection system to be less developed or to become depleted quickly, so that even a mild threat leads someone to slide into action or withdrawal. A very severe situation may also mean that the connection system is not further activated; after all, there is no point in seeking help when your house is on fire&#8212;you need to run (action system &#8594; flight).</p><h3>Structures Involved</h3><p>Central to all of this is the evolution of several cranial nerves, with the vagus nerve playing the most prominent role. You can read a great deal about this same vagus nerve these days on so-called social platforms. In addition to the vagus, four other cranial nerves play a role in the polyvagal story. And from there, the whole body, the entire hormonal system, and the entire metabolism are involved.</p><h2>Pillar 3: Co-Regulation&#8212;Regulating Together</h2><p>Our nervous system is not a solo performer. As mammals, we are naturally oriented toward connection with others, and that connection has a direct physiological effect. The presence of a calm, safe other person literally calms our nervous system&#8212;and when we are in a calm state ourselves, we can help others calm down too. This is what we call <strong>co-regulation</strong>: the mutual influence of nervous systems on one another.</p><h3>How Does Co-Regulation Work?</h3><p>The ventral vagal circuit (the <strong>connection system</strong>)&#8212;the evolutionarily newest and most developed part of our autonomic nervous system&#8212;is neurally connected to the muscles of the face, voice, and head. This connection enables social communication: a soft voice, an open facial expression, gentle eye contact. Through these channels, our nervous system constantly &#8216;reads&#8217; the state of the other person&#8217;s nervous system.</p><p>A calm therapist, an attentive parent, a settled friend&#8212;their regulated nervous system functions as an external regulator for ours. This is not a metaphor or poetry. It is neurobiology.</p><h3>Co-Regulation in Practice</h3><p>The concept of co-regulation is helpful in explaining how and why young children develop their nervous system in the context of a caregiver and why early attachment is so important.</p><p>We also know that the therapeutic relationship can itself be healing, independent of the method the therapist uses; in this sense, the therapist &#8216;does&#8217; something simply by being present. Most people have experienced, at some point, how someone in crisis can be calmed simply by being fully present&#8212;and conversely, how someone in panic is not helped by a loved one who also falls into panic. In groups, the dynamic can be powerful in both directions: co-regulating as well as destabilizing.</p><p>To make optimal use of co-regulation, it is important that professionals themselves have a well-regulated autonomic nervous system and can remain regulated even when their client is not.</p><p>Co-regulation is listed here as the third pillar, but you may well understand by now that its effect becomes visible through neuroception in an autonomic state. Co-regulation could therefore also be placed first in the sequence! Polyvagal theory is describing a genuinely dynamic system.</p><h3>Self-Regulation as a Complement</h3><p>If you learned to co-regulate well as a child, the capacity for self-regulation develops. Techniques such as <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mindfulness">mindfulness</a>, breathing exercises, <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/tai-chi">Tai Chi</a>, and <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/qigong">Qigong</a> help calm the nervous system from within.</p><h2>Why Is Polyvagal Theory Important?</h2><p>The theory does not only offer an explanation for what happens in the nervous system&#8212;it also has direct implications for how we relate to people, to complaints, and to recovery.</p><h3>Education and Child-Rearing</h3><p>A safe environment is not a luxury; it is the physiological prerequisite for learning and development. A nervous system operating in defense mode&#8212;with the connection system less active&#8212;cannot learn optimally. Children who grow up in unsafety develop a nervous system that is constantly on alert. The consequences are measurable well into adulthood, as extensively demonstrated by research into Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE).</p><h3>For the (Psycho)Therapeutic Practice</h3><p>Polyvagal theory shifts the therapeutic gaze from &#8216;What is wrong with this person?&#8217; to &#8216;What survival response has this nervous system learned?&#8217; That is an important and less stigmatizing perspective. Body-oriented therapies such as Somatic Experiencing&#174; work directly with autonomic state, far less through talking and cognitive processing.</p><h3>For the Professional Themselves</h3><p>Co-regulation makes clear that a professional does not only apply techniques, but is present with their own nervous system. A regulated professional offers a regulated space. This may well be the most active ingredient of any therapy or coaching session. As Stephen Porges said:</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>&#8220;Safety IS the therapy.&#8221;</em></p><p>Stephen Porges</p></div><h3>For Medication and Treatment Choices</h3><p>Insight into autonomic dysregulation helps explain why certain treatment methods work and others do not. It also offers entry points for new interventions&#8212;from HRV biofeedback to voice use, from group therapy to body work.</p><h3>For Society</h3><p>At the societal level, polyvagal theory asks: which environments create safety, and which create chronic threat? This touches on architecture, policy, healthcare, and education &#8212; everywhere that people live and work together.</p><p>For each of these points, articles will be appearing on this website in the coming period&#8212;<em>stay tuned!</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.relaxmore.net/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>&#8220;Polyvagal Theory is for everyone interested in evolution, human development, and the workings of the social brain. I encourage you to journey with Dr. Porges, as he shares his vast knowledge of the brain, our bodies, and our interpersonal emotional connection in a way that will deepen your understanding of and appreciation for both our social and inner selves.&#8221;</em></p><p>Louis Cozolino, Professor of Psychology</p></div><h2>Implications of Polyvagal Theory</h2><p>When Porges published polyvagal theory in 1994, he did not yet anticipate that pioneers such as Peter Levine (founder of the body-oriented trauma therapy Somatic Experiencing&#174;) and Bessel van der Kolk (professor of psychiatry specializing in post-traumatic stress disorders) would take such a keen interest in his work.</p><p>Porges had not yet interpreted immobilization as a defense strategy in animals as a potentially traumatic response in human beings. But his theory finally explained what Levine, Van der Kolk, Ogden, and a number of other body-oriented pioneers had known for so long: the path to trauma healing runs through the body. This is how the sense of safety can be trained and restored.</p><p>We are, and will remain, both human beings and mammals&#8212;and for our survival, we need relationships and interaction with others. These are, for many people, the most challenging areas of life, and here lie clear links with themes such as attachment, intimacy, love, and friendship.</p><h2>Video?</h2><p>This wonderful short film with Dutch subtitles offers a clear and accessible explanation of the entire polyvagal theory.</p><div id="youtube2-ZdIQRxwT1I0" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;ZdIQRxwT1I0&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ZdIQRxwT1I0?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>If you have questions after reading this article, please post them in the comments below so that others may benefit from your question too.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.relaxmore.net/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>If you found this article worth reading and (not yet) feel like getting a paid subscription, you can always treat me to a cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Compassie voor jezelf en voor een goede vriend]]></title><description><![CDATA[Een mooie compassiemeditatie van ruim 25 minuten. Via een wens voor onszelf en vervolgens een goede vriend, komen we weer bij onszelf terug.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/compassie-voor-jezelf-en-voor-een-goede-vriend</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/compassie-voor-jezelf-en-voor-een-goede-vriend</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 18 Mar 2026 07:08:48 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TYtA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TYtA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TYtA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TYtA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TYtA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TYtA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TYtA!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg" width="1200" height="800.2747252747253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:769386,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/190970493?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TYtA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TYtA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TYtA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TYtA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffe2a7fc-f778-48bd-bdad-9f8d43049f0c_2592x1728.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@jayicastor?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Jay Castor</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/rule-of-thirds-photography-of-pink-and-white-lotus-flower-floating-on-body-of-water-7AcMUSYRZpU?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Een mooie compassiemeditatie van ruim 25 minuten. Via gronding en aandacht voor de harmonie tussen zwaartekracht en opwaartse kracht, komen we terecht bij de compassiebeoefening. Wat heb je nodig; een wens voor jezelf, gepaard gaand met uitleg over het wensen (dus deze meditatie is erg geschikt voor beginners). Via een wens voor een goede vriend komen we weer bij onszelf terug.</p><p><strong>Veel verzachting gewenst!</strong></p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/compassie-voor-jezelf-en-voor-een-goede-vriend">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Unmovable Mountain]]></title><description><![CDATA[On Equanimity. There is something in you that does not sway with the tide. And from that place, you can be engaged with the world.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/the-unmovable-mountain</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/the-unmovable-mountain</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 16 Mar 2026 09:23:10 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg" width="1200" height="800.2747252747253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:6159884,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/141098714?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@markk92?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Mark Koch</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/river-near-mountains-KiRlN3jjVNU?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><div class="pullquote"><p><em>&#8220;The mind of a meditator is sometimes compared<br>to a mountain that remains unmoved in every wind.<br>It is not tormented by the difficulties that come its way, <br>nor elated by its successes. But this equanimity is<br>neither apathy nor indifference! <br>It is accompanied by an inner joy and an openness<br>of mind that expresses itself as an altruism that never falls short.&#8221;</em></p><p><em>Freely after Matthieu Ricard</em></p></div><p>I remember an afternoon when I came home from a bike ride in the rain. Not a dreary drizzle, but a real, solid downpour&#8212;the kind that soaks your clothes through and through and seems to rinse your thoughts clean at the same time. I stepped inside, changed, made coffee, and noticed something I found hard to name: I felt present. Not relieved to be indoors or sad that the ride was over, but simply present. Fully in the here and now.</p><p>It didn&#8217;t last long&#8212;a moment later I had picked up my phone, was typing a message, and was thinking about tomorrow. But for those few minutes, I had tasted something. I recognized what Matthieu Ricard describes as equanimity.</p><p>Before I read how Matthieu Ricard describes equanimity, it had always struck me as a slightly cold word. Equanimity sounds like &#8220;no emotions&#8221;&#8212;a certain greyness of experience, like a painting from which all the colors have been washed away. But that is precisely what it is not. The mountain does not stand motionless because it feels nothing or because it can switch off its feelings; it stands motionless because it is large enough to carry everything that passes without being blown over by it. The storm rages around it. The mountain is fully present within it&#8212;it feels the wind, and it is soaked by the rain. It does not lose itself in any of it and trusts completely that it will not be swept away.</p><h2>&#8220;Happy for no reason&#8221;</h2><p>Ricard writes that true equanimity is accompanied by inner joy. That gave me pause for a while. How can something that appears so still and motionless go hand in hand with joy? And yet it makes sense when you sit with it or when you have experienced it during meditation. The joy he means is not the exuberance of someone who has just received good news or the relief you sometimes feel after a tense moment. It is simply there. Always, really. Like light is simply there&#8212;without a reason to shine, but because it is the nature of light to shine.</p><h2>Longing</h2><p>I speak with many people about various forms of stress and its effects on their lives&#8212;and often about the physical symptoms that come with it. About the feeling of constantly having to balance on one foot, about how hard it is to relax without immediately feeling that you are completely falling apart or missing something important, or about the lack of understanding from those around them. Very often we arrive at a deeper longing&#8212;a wish for the stillness of doing nothing, for not having to be reactive, for a solid unperturbability, regardless of what is happening around you.</p><p>I think that longing is profoundly human. We have always searched for words for it: serenity, equanimity, inner peace&#8212;and so, too, composure. Ricard uses the metaphor of the mountain, and I find it very apt, because a mountain is nothing ethereal or elevated; it is earthy, heavy, and present. Perhaps there is something in that: equanimity has nothing of fleeing into abstraction or vagueness. It is, on the contrary, a radical being present&#8212;with both feet on the ground&#8212;while the world around you is in constant motion.</p><h2>Simply be present for a moment</h2><p>I sometimes think this is where meditative practice&#8212;in whatever form&#8212;ultimately moves toward. Not toward a state of lofty calm that separates you from the world. No, much more toward the freedom to stand right in the middle of it without being constantly swept along by the waves. There is something in you that does not sway with the tide. And from that place, you can be engaged with the world.</p><p>On that rainy afternoon, with my hands wrapped around a lovely cup of coffee, I was that, for a moment. Not enlightened, not freed from worries, and no different from my usual self. For a moment I was not pulled along by the current of the next thing and the thing after that, by the noise of the day. Just be present for a moment&#8212;like a mountain that lets the rain fall upon it without asking &#8220;why&#8221; or even &#8220;why me.&#8221;</p><h2>And you?</h2><p><em>Do you recognize moments in your life when you experience, perhaps just briefly, something of that mountain-like quality? Moments when you are not blown over, not swept away, but simply remain present? What makes those moments possible? And what pulls you out of them again?</em></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>If you found this article worth reading and (not yet) feel like getting a paid subscription, you can always treat me to a cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[De onbeweeglijke berg]]></title><description><![CDATA[Gelijkmoedigheid klinkt als &#8216;geen emoties&#8217;, naar een zekere grauwheid van ervaring, als een schilderij waaruit de kleuren zijn weggespoeld. Maar dat is precies wat het niet is.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/de-onbeweeglijke-berg</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/de-onbeweeglijke-berg</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 15 Mar 2026 06:14:24 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg" width="1200" height="800.2747252747253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:6159884,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/141098714?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rj9E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa055ac3a-127a-4a17-8a21-e52e6dc15896_6289x4193.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@markk92?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Mark Koch</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/river-near-mountains-KiRlN3jjVNU?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Do you prefer the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/the-unmovable-mountain">English version</a>?</em></p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>&#8222;De geest van een meditatiebeoefenaar wordt weleens vergeleken<br>met een berg die onbeweeglijk blijft in iedere wind.<br>Hij wordt niet gekweld door de moeilijkheden die op zijn pad komen,<br>noch opgetogen door zijn successen. Maar deze gelijkmoedigheid<br>is geen apathie en ook geen onverschilligheid! <br>Het gaat vergezeld van innerlijke vreugde<br>en een openheid van geest die zich uitdrukt<br>als nooit tekortschietend altru&#239;sme.&#8221;</em></p><p><em>Vrij naar Matthieu Ricard</em></p></div><p>Ik herinner me een middag waarop ik terugkwam van een fietsrit in de regen. Niet zo&#8217;n miezerige druilregen, maar een echte, stevige bui; het soort dat je kleren door en door nat maakt en je gedachten tegelijk lijkt schoon te spoelen. Ik stapte naar binnen, kleedde me om, zette koffie en merkte iets op wat ik moeilijk kon benoemen: ik voelde me aanwezig. Niet opgelucht dat ik binnen was, of somber dat de fietsrit voorbij was, maar gewoon aanwezig. <em>Gewoon</em> helemaal in het hier en nu. </p><p>Het duurde niet lang, want even later had ik mijn telefoon gepakt, was ik een bericht aan het typen en dacht ik aan morgen. Maar die paar minuten had ik iets geproefd. Ik herkende dat wat Matthieu Ricard beschrijft als gelijkmoedigheid.</p><p>Voordat ik las hoe Matthieu Ricard gelijkmoedigheid beschrijft, leek het me altijd een beetje een koud woord. Gelijkmoedigheid klinkt als &#8216;geen emoties&#8217;, naar een zekere grauwheid van ervaring, als een schilderij waaruit de kleuren zijn weggespoeld. Maar dat is precies wat het niet is. De berg staat niet roerloos omdat hij niets voelt of omdat hij zijn gevoel kan uitschakelen; hij staat roerloos omdat hij groot genoeg is om alles wat langskomt te dragen zonder erdoor omver te worden geblazen. De storm raast om hem heen. De berg is er volledig in aanwezig; hij voelt de wind, hij wordt nat van de regen. Hij verliest zichzelf er niet in en vertrouwt er volledig op dat hij niet weggeblazen wordt.</p><h2>&#8220;Happy for no reason&#8221;</h2><p>Ricard schrijft dat echte gelijkmoedigheid vergezeld gaat van innerlijke vreugde. Dat heeft me wel even beziggehouden. Hoe kan iets wat zo stil en onbeweeglijk lijkt, samengaan met vreugde? Toch klopt het, als je erbij stilstaat, of als je het weleens ervaren hebt tijdens een meditatie. De vreugde die hij bedoelt, is niet de uitbundigheid van iemand die goed nieuws heeft gekregen of de opluchting die je soms na een spannende gebeurtenis kunt voelen. Het is iets wat er gewoon is. Eigenlijk altijd. Zoals licht er gewoon is: zonder een reden om te stralen, maar omdat het de aard van licht is om te &#8216;schijnen&#8217;. </p><h2>Verlangen</h2><p>Ik spreek met veel mensen over uiteenlopende vormen van stress en de effecten daarvan op hun leven en vaak ook over de lichamelijke klachten die ze ervan hebben. Over het gevoel voortdurend op &#233;&#233;n been te moeten balanceren, over hoe moeilijk het is om te ontspannen zonder meteen het gevoel te hebben dat je helemaal instort of iets belangrijks mist, of over het onbegrip vanuit de omgeving. Heel vaak komen we dan uit bij een dieper verlangen, bij de wens naar de rust van het niets-doen, naar het niet-reactief hoeven zijn, naar een stevige onverstoorbaarheid, ongeacht wat er buiten je gaande is.</p><p>Ik denk dat dat verlangen heel menselijk is. We hebben er altijd woorden voor gezocht: sereniteit, equanimiteit, innerlijke rust, en dus ook gelijkmoedigheid. Ricard gebruikt de metafoor van de berg en die vind ik heel passend, want een berg is niets onstoffelijks of verhevens; hij is aards, zwaar, aanwezig. Misschien zit daar iets in: gelijkmoedigheid heeft niets van vluchten in abstractie of vaagheden. Het is juist een radicaal aanwezig zijn, met beide voeten op de grond, terwijl de wereld om je heen voortdurend in beweging is.</p><h2>Gewoon even aanwezig</h2><p>Ik denk weleens dat dit is waar meditatieve beoefening &#8211; in welke vorm dan ook &#8211; eigenlijk naartoe &#8216;beweegt&#8217;. Niet naar een toestand van verheven rust die je van de wereld scheidt. Nee, veel meer naar de vrijheid om er middenin te staan zonder voortdurend door de golven te worden meegesleurd. Er is iets in je dat niet meedeint. En vanuit die plek kun je betrokken zijn bij de wereld.</p><p>Op die regenachtige middag, met mijn handen om een lekker bakje koffie, was ik dat even. Niet verlicht, niet bevrijd van zorgen en ook niet anders dan ik gewoonlijk ben. Ik was even niet meegezogen door de stroom van het volgende en het daarna, door de waan van de dag. Even gewoon aanwezig, als een berg die de regen op zich laat vallen zonder een vraag als &#8216;waarom&#8217;, of zelfs &#8216;waarom ik&#8217;.</p><h2>En jij?</h2><p><em>Herken je momenten in je eigen leven waarop je, misschien heel even, iets van die bergachtige kwaliteit ervaart? Momenten waarop je niet omver wordt geblazen, niet meegezogen, maar gewoon aanwezig blijft? Wat maakt die momenten mogelijk? En wat haalt je er vervolgens weer uit?</em></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Als je dit artikel lezenswaardig vond en (nog) geen betaald abonnement wilt, mag je me ook ondersteunen door me te trakteren op een cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!</span></a></p><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><div><hr></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[De polyvagaaltheorie voor beginners]]></title><description><![CDATA[De wetenschap van veiligheid, liefde en verbinding. De polyvagaaltheorie beschrijft hoe allerlei interne en externe signalen en mechanismen ons gevoel van veiligheid be&#239;nvloeden en ons gedrag sturen. De theorie geeft ons inzicht in de intelligentie van onze evolutionaire erfenis die door miljoenen jaren heen het zenuwstelsel gevormd heeft, met als doel om ons te beschermen en optimaal samen te werken met onze omgeving.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 21:45:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg" width="1200" height="799.4505494505495" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:970,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:524030,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIHv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5df32632-9e39-4d67-9c3a-b9b439ab4d82_2048x1365.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@halacious?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Halacious</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/science?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a>, bewerkt door Ronald de Caluw&#233;</figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Do you prefer the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagal-theory-for-beginners">English version</a>?</em></p><h2>Over dit artikel</h2><p><em>Dit artikel is onderdeel van <strong><a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/s/de-polyvagale-wereld">&#8220;De Polyvagale Wereld&#8221;</a> </strong>op <strong>RelaxMore.net</strong> en is bedoeld als toegankelijk startpunt voor iedereen die nog weinig kennis heeft van de polyvagaaltheorie. Aanvullende artikelen op <strong>RelaxMore.net</strong> en in het <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/relaxicon">Relaxicon</a> verdiepen specifieke thema&#8217;s zoals <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/neuroceptie">neuroceptie</a>, <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/co-regulatie">co-regulatie</a> en <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/over-fawn-en-please-and-appease">fawning</a>. Vragen zijn welkom in de comments.</em></p><h2>Inleiding</h2><p>De polyvagaaltheorie gaat over de communicatie tussen hersenen en lichaam. Ze beschrijft hoe interne en externe signalen, grotendeels buiten ons bewustzijn om, ons gevoel van veiligheid be&#239;nvloeden en ons gedrag sturen. De theorie biedt inzicht in de intelligentie van onze evolutionaire erfenis: miljoenen jaren lang heeft die erfenis ons zenuwstelsel gevormd, met als doel ons te beschermen en optimaal samen te werken met onze omgeving.</p><p>De theorie raakt meerdere vakgebieden tegelijk: psychologie, fysiologie, evolutiebiologie en neurologie. Deze synthese maakt haar soms complex, maar ook juist zo waardevol &#8211; ze verbindt wat in de reguliere geneeskunde nog te vaak los van elkaar wordt behandeld.</p><div><hr></div><blockquote><h4>Ben je therapeut of zorgverlener en ge&#239;nteresseerd in deze materie?</h4><p>Ik heb een tweedaagse training ontwikkeld<em>: <br>&#8221;</em><strong><a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/training-polyvagaaltheorie">De Polyvagaaltheorie en Traumaresponsen</a></strong>&#8221;. <br>Verdiepende theorie met een vertaalslag naar de praktijk.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/training-polyvagaaltheorie&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Check deze training&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/training-polyvagaaltheorie"><span>Check deze training</span></a></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h1>De wetenschap van het gevoel van verbondenheid en veiligheid</h1><div class="pullquote"><p>The great thing then, in all education,<br>is to make our nervous system our ally,<br>as opposed to our enemy.</p><p>William James, 1914</p></div><p>Opmerkelijk dat William James in 1914 al aanvoelde hoe bepalend ons zenuwstelsel is voor ons welzijn. Precies tachtig jaar later onderbouwde Stephen Porges dit wetenschappelijk in de polyvagaaltheorie. Veiligheid &#8211; of liever: het innerlijk erv&#225;ren van veiligheid &#8211; heeft daarin een belangrijke plaats:</p><div class="pullquote"><p>&#8220;How safe we feel is crucial to our mental and physical health and happiness.&#8221;</p><p>Stephen Porges</p></div><h2>Waar gaat de polyvagaaltheorie over?</h2><p>Het <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/autonoom-zenuwstelsel">autonome zenuwstelsel</a> &#8211; het deel dat onbewust allerlei lichaamsfuncties regelt &#8211; blijkt meer te zijn dan alleen een besturing van onze fysiologie. Het bevat ook de kernstructuren die ons veiligheid of dreiging laten ervaren. De polyvagaaltheorie beschrijft wat je zou kunnen noemen de taal van ons autonome zenuwstelsel.</p><p>Hoogleraar psychiatrie en neurowetenschapper Stephen Porges publiceerde de theorie in 1994. Hij laat zien hoe de evolutie van ons autonome zenuwstelsel verklaart waarom we reageren op stress, dreiging en sociaal contact zoals we doen. Daarbij legt hij verbanden tussen autonome ontregeling en een breed scala aan lichamelijke en mentale klachten.</p><p>De polyvagaaltheorie gaat steeds meer over verbinding en liefde: over de factoren die verbinding mogelijk maken, en over wat er gebeurt als die verbinding ontbreekt. Zo biedt ze ook handvatten voor bredere maatschappelijke vraagstukken: hoe maken we de wereld een veiligere plek?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg" width="250" height="250" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1000,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:250,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Stephen Porges, bron: www.stephenporges.com&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Stephen Porges, bron: www.stephenporges.com" title="Stephen Porges, bron: www.stephenporges.com" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ITf2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9dd43ac-4fc6-4283-a2a4-0addbaee5ebd_1000x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Prof. Stephen Porges</figcaption></figure></div><p>De polyvagaaltheorie gaat over hoe ons lichaam reageert op de verschillende uitdagingen in het leven. Deze reacties zijn dus gebaseerd op de evolutie van ons autonome zenuwstelsel.</p><p>Tijdens onze evolutionaire geschiedenis als gewervelden is dat autonome zenuwstelsel geleidelijk aan veranderd. Bij deze veranderingen zijn nieuwe banen of circuits ontstaan. Deze circuits functioneren in een hi&#235;rarchie; de nieuwere circuits remmen de oudere circuits af. Deze oudere circuits zijn verdedigings- of beschermingscircuits.</p><p>In de geneeskunde en verschillende therapie&#235;n beginnen we nu meer inzicht te krijgen in de rol die een ontregeld autonoom zenuwstelsel heeft bij veel ziekten, en vooral chronische ziekten. Ook op de mentale gezondheid heeft het autonome zenuwstelsel grote invloed.</p><p>Een niet goed gereguleerd autonoom zenuwstelsel (= gedisreguleerd, oftewel uit balans) kan volgens de polyvagaaltheorie (PVT) een verklaring zijn voor o.a. een aantal buikklachten (waaronder obstipatie, prikkelbaredarmsyndroom, spastische darm), voor de meeste posttraumatische verschijnselen, prikkelovergevoeligheid en een aantal verschijnselen die we onder de autistische kenmerken scharen.</p><p>Het mooie van Porges&#8217; werk is dat hij niet alleen een theorie bedacht heeft, maar &#243;&#243;k de praktische consequenties overziet. Hij stelt andere &#8211; meer lichaamsgerichte &#8211; behandelopties voor, waarmee inmiddels ook al goede resultaten worden behaald. De laatste jaren besteedt Porges in zijn werk steeds meer aandacht aan de praktische implicaties van de polyvagaaltheorie. </p><p>De polyvagaaltheorie gaat steeds meer over liefde en verbinding. De theorie biedt inzicht in de factoren die verbinding mogelijk maken, maar ook in de factoren die een rol spelen als we verbinding missen of verliezen. Zo kunnen we door deze nieuwe wetenschap leren wat in onze maatschappij helpend gaat zijn om van de wereld een meer liefdevolle plek te maken.</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;fcee6b53-ff57-4106-81a0-18d3d74795ac&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Inleiding&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Waarom de polyvagaaltheorie juist nu belangrijk is&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-03-02T06:31:11.267Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3d6bffb-c5eb-40ed-89f8-942509c959e0_5184x3456.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/waarom-de-polyvagaaltheorie-juist-nu-belangrijk-is&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:157328312,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:3,&quot;comment_count&quot;:8,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><h2>Wat betekent &#8216;polyvagaal&#8217;?</h2><p><em>Poly</em> betekent &#8216;meerdere&#8217;, <em>vagaal</em> verwijst naar de nervus vagus, een van de belangrijkste hersenzenuwen van ons lichaam. Polyvagaal betekent dus: &#8216;meerdere vagale banen&#8217;. De indruk kan ontstaan dat de theorie alleen over de nervus vagus gaat, maar dat is niet zo. Ook een viertal andere hersenzenuwen speelt een rol, en de theorie beschrijft het hele autonome zenuwstelsel in samenhang.</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;1b250490-d76e-4522-afd1-100769b7d9f8&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;De nervus vagus is de tiende hersenzenuw en werd in 1540 voor het eerst beschreven. Darwin beschrijft de vagus in 1872 als de &#8220;pneumogastrische zenuw&#8221; (pneumo = de long betreffend; gastrisch = de maag betr.).&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Nervus vagus&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-07-21T18:57:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1aa3651e-98e5-49c8-98d4-bd842ed8cfce_1434x2048.webp&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/nervus-vagus&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147537935,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;07d3f014-ba5e-4993-ad18-e343a5dab900&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Inleiding&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Hersenzenuw&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-06-21T14:01:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64862723-25ab-414e-9f15-cea44b3d4e23_1513x2000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/hersenzenuw&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147657136,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><h2>Hoe staat de polyvagaaltheorie er wetenschappelijk voor?</h2><p>De polyvagaaltheorie heeft in de klinische praktijk (traumaverlening, lichaamsgerichte therapie, ontwikkelingspsychologie) brede ingang gevonden. Pioniers als Peter Levine (Somatic Experiencing&#174;), Bessel van der Kolk en Pat Ogden herkenden in Porges&#8217; werk eindelijk de neurobiologische verklaring voor wat zij al jaren in de behandelkamer waarnamen: de weg naar traumaheling gaat via het lichaam.</p><p>Tegelijkertijd is er wetenschappelijke discussie. De meest uitgesproken kritiek komt van wetenschappers Grossman en Taylor, die vraagtekens plaatsten bij een aantal anatomische en evolutionaire details van de theorie &#8211; met name rond de interpretatie van de nervus vagus en de evolutionaire ordening van vagale circuits. Porges heeft op deze kritiek gereageerd en delen van zijn formulering verfijnd. Dat debat is <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/de-polyvagaaltheorie-is-springlevend">niet volledig gesloten</a>, en dat hoort ook zo: zo werkt wetenschap.</p><p>De kern van de polyvagaaltheorie &#8211; dat ons autonome zenuwstelsel in een hi&#235;rarchie van overlevingscircuits opereert, en dat veiligheid de basis is voor verbinding en herstel &#8211; staat als klinisch verklaringsmodel overeind en wordt verder onderbouwd. Elders op deze website bespreek ik het wetenschappelijk debat uitgebreider; ook de website van het <a href="https://polyvagaalinstituut.nl/">Polyvagaalinstituut Nederland</a> is in dit kader de moeite van het volgen waard.</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;281f1cb5-770a-4195-b66b-bdbfc8ecf020&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Inleiding&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;De polyvagaaltheorie: huidige stand van zaken, klinische toepassingen en toekomstperspectieven (1)&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null},{&quot;id&quot;:392669589,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Gastschrijver&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Onder de naam gastschrijver kunnen andere schrijvers bijdragen plaatsen of kan Ronald een vertaalde bijdragen publiceren.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fVM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc900678-985b-4a1f-9b31-0784cbac5bc0_3400x3400.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:true,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-09-21T05:07:26.370Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1EiY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff19c9c6b-ab50-4e2e-940f-964e853cb2c2_6000x3376.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie-stand-van-zaken-1&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:173690047,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:8,&quot;comment_count&quot;:8,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;2dcb1682-f94a-4026-86b3-f884c809cd84&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Do you prefer the English version?&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Wetenschap voorbij de domeinen&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-03-08T06:07:34.884Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oa1O!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/wetenschap-voorbij-de-domeinen&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:189592277,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:8,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="pullquote"><p>Kennis is zinloos totdat zij in het lichaam leeft.</p><p>Peter Levine</p></div><h2>De drie pijlers van de polyvagaaltheorie</h2><p>De polyvagaaltheorie rust op drie onderling verbonden inzichten. Op verreweg de meeste plaatsen worden deze pijlers in dezelfde volgorde genoemd, namelijk <em>1:</em> <em>Autonome hi&#235;rarchie; 2: Neuroceptie en 3: Co-regulatie.</em></p><p>Er wordt over pijler 1 het meest geschreven en gesproken, maar dat is wat mij betreft geen reden om deze pijler in het overzicht ook als eerste te beschrijven. Ik kies tegenwoordig voor een &#8220;chronologische volgorde&#8221;: wat gebeurt er achtereenvolgens in het echte leven? Dan ziet het rijtje er anders uit, namelijk:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Neuroceptie</strong> (het scanproces dat alles in gang zet) en dan het op basis daarvan &#8220;geregeld&#8221; worden van de &#8230;</p></li><li><p><strong>Autonome hi&#235;rarchie.</strong> </p></li><li><p><strong>Co-regulatie</strong> staat dan op plaats drie, maar dat is en blijft een lastige, op welke plaats je hem ook zet.</p></li></ol><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;7c746317-df65-4c30-9132-57fd05fbc979&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Inleiding&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Een nieuwe samenvatting van de polyvagaaltheorie&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-06-15T09:23:08.136Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5f6228cd-42cd-4cd8-98d4-733550e6831b_5184x3240.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/een-nieuwe-samenvatting-van-de-polyvagaaltheorie&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:165896424,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:6,&quot;comment_count&quot;:8,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Normaal gesproken zou hier een betaalmuur komen, maar omdat ik dit een belangrijk artikel vind voor iedereen die belangstelling heeft voor de polyvagaaltheorie, heb ik de betaalmuur in dit artikel verwijderd.</strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>Pijler 1: Neuroceptie &#8211; onze onbewuste veiligheidsradar</h2><p>Ons zenuwstelsel scant voortdurend de omgeving, ons eigen lichaam en het relationele veld op signalen van veiligheid of dreiging. Dit gebeurt razendsnel, automatisch en volledig buiten onze bewuste waarneming. Porges noemt dit proces neuroceptie: de neurale detectie van veiligheid, gevaar of levensbedreiging.</p><p>Neuroceptie verschilt van <em>perceptie</em>. Perceptie is bewust waarnemen; neuroceptie is een dieper, ouder systeem dat al reageert v&#243;&#243;rdat de hersenschors het heeft verwerkt. Dat verklaart waarom we soms gespannen worden in een situatie die &#8216;objectief&#8217; veilig lijkt, of juist ontspannen terwijl anderen zich zorgen maken: onze neuroceptie reageert op subtiele signalen die we niet bewust opmerken.</p><h3>De drie informatiekanalen van de neuroceptie</h3><p>De neuroceptie gebruikt drie informatiestromen om tot een conclusie te komen of het op dit moment op de plek waar we zijn veilig is of dat er (levensbe)dreiging is.</p><ul><li><p>Externe signalen: omgevingsgeluiden, lichtintensiteit, ruimtelijke openheid of beslotenheid, vertrouwdheid van een plek en alle andere informatie die via de zintuigen binnenkomt.</p></li><li><p>Interne signalen: spanning in spieren, hartritme, ademhaling, buikgevoel, pijn, moeheid, misselijkheid, temperatuurgewaarwording, honger, dorst; kortom, alles wat via interoceptie (de &#8220;inwendige zintuigen&#8221;) binnenkomt.</p></li></ul><p>Bij mensen met een chronische aandoening is dit kanaal extra relevant, en vaak ook extra problematisch: het lichaam stuurt voortdurend signalen van onveiligheid of dreiging &#8211; pijn, uitputting, ongemak &#8211; waardoor de neuroceptie structureel gekleurd wordt richting gevaar, ook als er van buitenaf geen dreiging is. Dat verklaart waarom chronische pijn en vermoeidheid zo nauw verweven zijn met autonome ontregeling.</p><ul><li><p>Relationele signalen: dit zijn de signalen die direct van het zenuwstelsel van de ander komen: stemtoon en stemklank, gezichtsuitdrukking en oogcontact, lichaamshouding en beweging, en de aanrakingskwaliteit. Het gaat dus niet om de omgeving of context als zodanig, maar om wat het andere lichaam uitstraalt en wat ons zenuwstelsel daarvan oppikt, nog voordat we er bewust iets mee doen.</p></li></ul><p>Op basis van dit scanproces, dat 24/7 plaatsvindt en waarbij met behulp van oude breinstructuren in de hersenstam en de omgeving daarvan (de zogenaamde sub-corticale gebieden: gebieden die onder [= sub] de hersenschors [= cortex] liggen) de informatie die via de drie stromen binnenkomt wordt geanalyseerd, bepaalt het zenuwstelsel welke autonome toestand (pijler 2) passend is, en het &#8220;schakelt&#8221; daar automatisch naartoe. Wij kiezen daar niet in; ons lichaam doet het voor ons.</p><p>Waar ons bewustzijn pas om de hoek komt kijken, is dat we merken dat onze autonome toestand veranderd is, bijvoorbeeld dat onze hartslag omhoog is gegaan of dat we ons meer of minder gespannen voelen.</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;e2440152-610e-4fc0-8944-5d4dc41e39f9&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Over dit artikel&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Neuroceptie voor beginners&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-03-14T07:41:28.000Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5ffb955d-5d0b-4692-8717-760c5dc3c5ab_1536x1020.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/neuroceptie&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147347225,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><h3>Wanneer neuroceptie &#8216;fouten&#8217; maakt</h3><p>We komen normaal gesproken allemaal met een redelijk gelijk afgestemde neuroceptie ter wereld. Onze neuroceptie wordt door de ervaringen die we meemaken &#8220;getraind&#8221; en kan daarbij ontregeld raken. Bij mensen met een traumageschiedenis kan neuroceptie gevaar detecteren waar geen gevaar is of mist het echte dreigingssignalen. Een relatief neutrale opmerking van een collega wordt als aanval ervaren; een drukke ruimte triggert paniek; intiem contact voelt onveilig. Hier is dus geen sprake van een bewuste keuze of &#8220;aanstellerij&#8221;; het is een zenuwstelsel dat geleerd heeft extra waakzaam te zijn.</p><p>Bij mensen die heel vroeg in het leven ernstige stress hebben meegemaakt, bijvoorbeeld een vroeggeboorte, bij medische ingrepen als pasgeborene of zelfs bij grote stress in de baarmoeder, kan de neuroceptie al vroeg afgesteld raken in de richting van (levensbe)dreiging. In mijn artikelen over GHIA schrijf ik hier meer over.</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;fa03fc54-2113-45c0-bbb8-5a5435d21a66&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Do you prefer the English version?&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;GHIA - Wanneer je zenuwstelsel altijd op scherp staat&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-11-22T07:08:40.478Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nfPu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05abfe3b-c400-4cb5-b20c-5b800396b993_3520x1986.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/ghia&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:170466741,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:19,&quot;comment_count&quot;:22,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;f0d7d296-8e3c-4ee8-95d0-25629922cda7&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Do you prefer the English version?&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;GHIA: Wanneer het hele systeem &#8220;hoog aan&#8221; blijft staan&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-02-01T12:57:18.708Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!498j!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae4d58d5-4ed1-43a9-a8f3-bbaf4e3f1df2_5156x3437.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/ghia-wanneer-het-hele-systeem-hoog-aan-blijft-staan&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:186407804,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:8,&quot;comment_count&quot;:2,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><p>Deze inzichten hebben grote consequenties voor hoe we omgaan met mensen die heftig reageren op situaties die ons neutraal lijken. De vraag dient niet te zijn: &#8220;waarom doet hij of zij zo moeilijk?&#8221; maar: &#8220;wat detecteert het zenuwstelsel van de ander dat het mijne niet detecteert?&#8221; of misschien nog beter: &#8220;wat heb je meegemaakt?&#8221;</p><p>Onze neuroceptie maakt dus g&#233;&#233;n fouten, maar is gecalibreerd/&#8221;afgesteld&#8221; geraakt op basis van je ervaringen. De intentie was altijd en is nog steeds om je te helpen overleven op een manier die zo min mogelijk energie kost.</p><h2>Pijler 2: Evolutionair gevormde autonome hi&#235;rarchie</h2><p>Nu we weten hoe het zenuwstelsel de omgeving scant (neuroceptie) en dit de basis is van hoe de autonome toestand geregeld wordt, gaan we eens kijken welke opties hier zijn. </p><p>De polyvagaaltheorie beschrijft dat wij mensen dezelfde overlevingsstrategie&#235;n hebben als andere zoogdieren. Als we ons veilig voelen, zijn we meer geneigd om verbinding met elkaar te zoeken. Dit gaat via de zogenaamde <em>ventrale vagale circuits</em>. Je zou dit ook wel het &#8216;<strong>verbindingssysteem</strong>&#8217; mogen noemen. We zijn dan in staat om compassie te voelen, anderen te troosten en ons vriendelijk en begripvol te gedragen. We voelen ons meer zorgzaam verbonden met onszelf en we zijn in staat om te leren.</p><p>Wanneer de neuroceptie dreiging detecteert, zijn er een aantal opties, die vaak worden voorgesteld als het doorlopen van een reeks voorspelbare en trapsgewijs verlopende responsen. De werkelijkheid is echter iets minder rechtlijnig, maar voor nu gebruiken we het standaard rijtje even.</p><p>In eerste instantie proberen we een dreigende situatie op te lossen door een sociale verbinding tot stand te brengen. We vragen om hulp of bieden aan om hulp te geven. Het <strong>verbindingssysteem</strong> wordt dus nog extra geactiveerd. Als dit niet leidt tot het herstel van veiligheid en verbondenheid, schakelen we vervolgens automatisch ons <em>sympathische zenuwstelsel</em> (het <strong>actiesysteem</strong>) in om te vluchten voor of te vechten tegen de bron van dreiging. Vluchten en vechten zie je soms letterlijk, maar tegenwoordig vaker figuurlijk, bijvoorbeeld in de vorm van een grote mond opzetten of een ander de schuld geven (vechten) of van onderwerp veranderen of doen alsof je heel druk bent (vluchten).</p><p>Als het aanzetten van het <strong>actiesysteem</strong> niet het gewenste effect heeft, vallen we uiteindelijk terug op de <em>dorsaal vagale circuits</em> (laten we dit het <strong>rust- terugtreksysteem</strong> noemen) dat ons immobiliseert in een bevriezingsrespons. In deze toestand voelen we ons hulpeloos, machteloos en afgesloten.</p><p>De polyvagaaltheorie beschrijft dus dat het omgaan met stress en dreiging drie niveaus kent: &#8220;drie hi&#235;rarchisch georganiseerde subsystemen van het autonome zenuwstelsel&#8221;.</p><p>De verwarring zit vaak in het woord hi&#235;rarchisch. De hi&#235;rarchie zit niet zozeer in welke toestand na de andere wordt geactiveerd, maar heeft betrekking op de evolutionaire ouderdom en het feit dat de systemen die &#8220;jonger&#8221; zijn, de &#8220;oudere systemen&#8221; &#8220;onder bedwang&#8221; houden. In de evolutie is het <strong>rust- en terugtreksysteem</strong> het oudst, gevolgd door het <strong>actiesysteem</strong>, en het <strong>verbindingssysteem</strong> is het jongst.</p><p>Zo gebruiken we onze hogere, nieuwere hersenstructuren om onze oudere verdedigingssystemen te remmen wanneer er geen gevaar is. Een evolutionair bepaalde hi&#235;rarchie, of in wat deftiger taal: een fylogenetische ordening (= de afstammingsgeschiedenis van een soort [=fylum]).</p><h3>Samengevat</h3><p>Voor het overzicht is dit rijtje handig:</p><ol><li><p><em>Bij veiligheid of twijfel daaraan:</em> het zoeken van contact en sociale verbinding middels het <strong>verbindingssysteem</strong>. Als dat niet voldoende werkt, dan &#8230;</p></li><li><p><em>Is er gevaar of lijkt dat er te zijn:</em> er wordt overgeschakeld naar mobilisatie, het <strong>actiesysteem</strong> gaat aan, middels de vecht- en vluchtrespons. Mocht dat ook niet helpen &#8230;</p></li><li><p><em>Dan is er blijkbaar levensbedreiging:</em> er ontstaat een respons van immobilisatie of bevriezing via ons <strong>rust- en terugtreksysteem</strong>.</p></li></ol><p>Dit rijtje suggereert echter te veel een vaste volgorde; voor de gevoelige lezers kan er ook een waardeoordeel in gezien worden: alsof het beter is om het verbindingssysteem geactiveerd te hebben dan een van de andere twee systemen. Het rijtje past bij een autonome ladder, een beeld dat veel gebruikt wordt bij het uitleggen van de polyvagaaltheorie en dat ook heel behulpzaam is geweest, maar waar we inmiddels betere beelden voor hebben.</p><p>Zoals we bij neuroceptie echter al concludeerden, is het doel van het hele gebeuren om onze overleving te waarborgen. Er zijn dus geen &#8220;foute&#8221; autonome toestanden; ze zijn allemaal adaptief (= een aanpassing aan de situatie zoals de neuroceptie die interpreteerde).</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;d6c7acc9-0144-4d23-8090-674c6b002f83&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Do you prefer the English version?&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Polyvagale misverstanden (1)&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-12-07T06:17:40.686Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FtsS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cb8c31b-40d1-410e-97c5-1c85595b3af6_7168x4500.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagale-misverstanden-1&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:162954201,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:8,&quot;comment_count&quot;:2,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><h3>Niet alleen bij dreiging</h3><p>Deze systemen komen niet alleen in actie bij stress en dreiging, maar zijn ook in het dagelijks leven actief. Ons autonome zenuwstelsel staat altijd &#8220;aan&#8221;, 24 uur per dag. Ook als we geen dreiging ervaren, zijn de drie systemen in een of andere combinatie actief. Bij het sporten is het actiesysteem actief, maar dan zonder dat er dreiging is; bij het mediteren is het rust- en terugtreksysteem op de voorgrond zonder dat er dreiging is. <br>Dit is een belangrijke toevoeging die de polyvagaaltheorie heeft gedaan.</p><h3>Gemengde toestanden</h3><p>Een ander aspect rond de autonome regulering is dat de drie systemen niet als schakelaars aan en uit gaan, maar geleidelijk aan. Om deze reden heb ik het beeld van de ladder dan ook verlaten en heb ik een autonoom mengpaneel ontwikkeld. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:521068,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/147347230?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!arne!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e24a466-8aa6-4c55-a0d2-dcc059038deb_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#169; Relax More</figcaption></figure></div><p>Zo ontstaat een nog genuanceerder beeld van hoe de drie systemen met elkaar samenwerken en kunnen we toestanden benoemen waarin twee systemen tegelijk op de voorgrond staan. Als je bijvoorbeeld met je geliefde op de bank zit, is de kans groot dat je <strong>verbindingssysteem</strong> aan is en je <strong>rust- en terugtreksysteem</strong>. In veel gevallen zal bij het sporten ook niet alleen het <strong>actiesysteem</strong> aanstaan, maar is er ook sprake van een actief <strong>verbindingssysteem</strong>. Zo zijn er talloze voorbeelden waarop het autonome mengpaneel ingesteld kan staan.</p><p>Er is de laatste tijd ook vaak aandacht voor de begrippen <em>fawning</em> en <em>please and appease</em>. Dit zijn ook twee gemengde beelden.</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;9ee26d52-2d66-402e-aca5-7f03d9317bb5&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Over dit artikel&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Over 'fawn' en 'please and appease' voor beginners&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-03-21T21:14:07.000Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff8cd238c-35cc-4343-99f2-a219babdcee5_2048x1365.webp&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/over-fawn-en-please-and-appease&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147347223,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:4,&quot;comment_count&quot;:4,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><p>Neuroceptie is in dit beeld de hand die het mengpaneel bedient:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:456898,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/147347230?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yIfH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89192c54-6dac-4f5d-b7d5-072eb3471f8e_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><blockquote><h4>Ben je therapeut of zorgverlener en ge&#239;nteresseerd in deze materie?</h4><p>Ik heb een tweedaagse training ontwikkeld<em>: <br>&#8221;</em><strong><a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/training-polyvagaaltheorie">De Polyvagaaltheorie en Traumaresponsen</a></strong>&#8221;. <br>Verdiepende theorie met een vertaalslag naar de praktijk.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/training-polyvagaaltheorie&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Check deze training&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/training-polyvagaaltheorie"><span>Check deze training</span></a></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Vrije keus?</h3><p>Niemand kiest er bewust voor om in de vecht- of vluchtreactie te gaan, of om te bevriezen. Veel slachtoffers van geweld of misbruik hebben schuldgevoelens over het feit dat ze zich niet of minder hebben verzet. De respons op levensbedreigende gebeurtenissen is echter geen vrijwillige keus; ons lichaam maakt die keus op basis van neuroceptie.</p><p><em>In de polyvagaaltheorie bestaat niet zoiets als een slechte respons; er zijn alleen adaptieve overlevingsresponsen.</em></p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;942545b0-82a3-4a7c-8d3f-a2cb9e47e76b&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Een Trumpisme&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Why I didn't report - over de stilte na het trauma en victim blaming&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-03-11T17:39:28.000Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71fd1c9a-91c3-4b80-8a91-a326579293c5_2048x1310.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/why-i-didnt-report-over-de-stilte&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147347231,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:1,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><h3>Geen vaste volgorde</h3><p>Welke autonome toestand in een situatie geactiveerd wordt, of het nu veilig of dreigend is, alsmede de uiting daarvan, verschilt van mens tot mens. De evolutionaire hi&#235;rarchie ligt vast &#8211; de drie systemen hebben zich nu eenmaal in de beschreven volgorde ontwikkeld. Maar de hi&#235;rarchie zegt dus niet dat je <em>altijd</em> vanuit je <strong>verbindingssysteem</strong> naar je <strong>actiesysteem</strong> gaat; deze &#8220;fase&#8221; kan overgeslagen worden en zo kan in &#233;&#233;n keer het <strong>rust- of terugtreksysteem</strong> op de voorgrond komen.</p><p>Zo kunnen eerdere ervaringen ervoor zorgen dat het verbindingssysteem minder ontwikkeld of snel uitgeput is, waardoor iemand al bij geringe dreiging doorglijdt naar actie of terugtrekking. Een zeer ernstige situatie kan er ook toe leiden dat het verbindingssysteem niet verder wordt geactiveerd; het heeft immers geen zin hulp te zoeken als je huis in brand staat, dan moet je rennen (= actiesysteem &#8594; vluchten).</p><h3>Betrokken structuren</h3><p>Centraal bij dit alles staat de evolutie van een aantal hersenzenuwen, waarbij de nervus vagus de belangrijkste rol speelt. Over deze zelfde nervus vagus lees je tegenwoordig veel op de zogenaamd sociale platforms. Naast de vagus spelen nog vier andere hersenzenuwen een rol in het polyvagale verhaal. En van daaruit eigenlijk het hele lichaam, de hele hormoonhuishouding en de hele stofwisseling.</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;f51058e9-ff65-4941-b78b-5bcf09b16d4e&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Inleiding&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Hersenzenuw&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-06-21T14:01:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64862723-25ab-414e-9f15-cea44b3d4e23_1513x2000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/hersenzenuw&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147657136,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;f11a8935-2f78-45b1-b8a9-8234ce9d004c&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;De hersenstam: een deel van ons oude brein, dat we gemeenschappelijk hebben met reptielen. Je zou dan kunnen denken dat het voor ons functioneren als mens niet zo belangrijk is, maar net als de stam van een boom, is de stam van onze hersenen onmisbaar voor de regulatie van heel veel lichaamsfuncties. Neem bijv. de hartslag, de ademhaling en de spijsvertering, die dankzij (o.a.) de hersenstam automa&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Hersenstam&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-04-19T08:42:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee1cbd91-6e7f-43fd-9459-ba4438811eb5_1636x2000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/hersenstam&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147657198,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;d721cff3-65dc-4b57-adef-098bbc3ed3a4&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;De nervus vagus is de tiende hersenzenuw en werd in 1540 voor het eerst beschreven. Darwin beschrijft de vagus in 1872 als de &#8220;pneumogastrische zenuw&#8221; (pneumo = de long betreffend; gastrisch = de maag betr.).&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Nervus vagus&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-07-21T18:57:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1aa3651e-98e5-49c8-98d4-bd842ed8cfce_1434x2048.webp&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/nervus-vagus&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147537935,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><h2>Pijler 3: Co-regulatie &#8211; samen reguleren</h2><p>Ons zenuwstelsel is geen solospeler. Als zoogdieren zijn we van nature ingesteld op verbinding met anderen en die verbinding heeft een directe fysiologische werking. De aanwezigheid van een rustige, veilige ander kalmeert letterlijk ons zenuwstelsel en zo kunnen wij, als we in een kalme toestand zijn, ook anderen helpen kalmeren. Dit noemen we <strong>co-regulatie</strong>: de wederzijdse be&#239;nvloeding van zenuwstelsels.</p><h3>Hoe werkt co-regulatie?</h3><p>Het ventraal vagale circuit (het <strong>verbindingssysteem</strong>) &#8211; het evolutionair nieuwste en meest ontwikkelde deel van ons autonome zenuwstelsel &#8211; is neuraal verbonden met de spieren van gezicht, stem en hoofd. Die verbinding maakt sociale communicatie mogelijk: een zachte stem, een open gezichtsuitdrukking, zacht oogcontact. Via deze kanalen &#8216;leest&#8217; ons zenuwstelsel voortdurend de toestand van het zenuwstelsel van de ander.</p><p>Een rustige therapeut, een aanwezige ouder, een kalme vriend &#8211; hun gereguleerde zenuwstelsel werkt als een externe regulator voor het onze. Dit is geen metafoor of po&#235;zie. Het is neurobiologie.</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;17f6faa4-e68a-450d-91ff-4332c12f82f1&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Over dit artikel&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Co-regulatie&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-03-01T08:52:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rDrm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8a4afcf-3421-4971-8c73-fb4a3d622865_2048x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/co-regulatie&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147362022,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:1,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;eb8d3c69-6005-44db-b67c-18dab3d88d03&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Inleiding&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;It takes two &#8212; over co-regulatie en empathie&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-07-08T15:18:38.000Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e16de88-2581-4a23-904c-221ca30ba02c_6016x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/it-takes-two&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147347214,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;d2c9212a-58c4-4988-bc46-598890d200ca&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;De polyvagaaltheorie krijgt steeds meer een vertaling naar het dagelijks leven. Daar waar de theorie vooral gericht leek te zijn op dreigings- en overlevingsresponsen, krijgt het thema veiligheid steeds meer aandacht. Een boeiende ontwikkeling!&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Zachte ogen en een innerlijke glimlach&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-10-29T08:13:39.591Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4eb1b1b9-c285-4915-9218-09088cfdbb50_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/zachte-ogen-en-een-innerlijke-glimlach&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147609170,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:17,&quot;comment_count&quot;:2,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><h3>Co-regulatie in de praktijk</h3><p>Het concept co-regulatie is behulpzaam om te verklaren hoe en waarom jonge kinderen hun zenuwstelsel ontwikkelen in de context van een verzorger en waarom vroege gehechtheid zo belangrijk is. </p><p>We weten ook dat de therapeutische relatie al helend kan werken, los van de gebruikte methodiek van de therapeut; hier &#8220;doet&#8221; de therapeut zelf dus &#8220;iets&#8221;. Zo hebben de meeste mensen wel een keer meegemaakt dat je iemand in crisis kunt kalmeren door simpelweg aanwezig te zijn en ook andersom: hoe iemand in paniek niet geholpen is door een naaste die ook in paniek raakt. Ook in groepen kan de dynamiek krachtig zijn, in beide richtingen: co-regulerend en destabiliserend.</p><p>Om co-regulatie optimaal te kunnen &#8220;benutten&#8221; is het van belang dat professionals zelf een goed gereguleerd autonoom zenuwstelsel hebben en ook dat zij niet ontregeld raken als hun cli&#235;nt dat wel doet.</p><p>Co-regulatie staat in dit artikel als derde pijler genoemd, maar misschien begrijp je dat het effect van de co-regulatie zichtbaar wordt via de neuroceptie in de autonome toestand. Co-regulatie zou dus ook als eerste in het rijtje kunnen staan! De polyvagaaltheorie beschrijft eigenlijk een heel dynamisch systeem.</p><h3>Zelfregulatie als aanvulling</h3><p>Als je als kind goed hebt leren co-reguleren, ontstaat het vermogen tot zelfregulatie. Technieken als <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/mindfulness">mindfulness</a>, ademhalingsoefeningen, <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/tai-chi">Tai Chi</a> en <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/qigong">Qigong</a> helpen het zenuwstelsel te kalmeren van binnenuit.</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;bb0570cd-ba7b-43fc-b957-d7655824ea73&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Inleiding&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Van gedragsmanagement naar co-regulatie: hoe we kinderen in de klas echt kunnen zien&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-03-30T05:30:36.620Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7ac90ae-6f70-41a4-843e-891e8d9b5a36_1792x1024.webp&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/van-gedragsmanagement-naar-co-regulatie&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:159665784,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:15,&quot;comment_count&quot;:7,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;ad5fccc9-7123-4b53-aadf-1006db0d4b5f&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Inleiding&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Zelfregulatie is ook co-regulatie&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-09-14T06:08:30.359Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mRxq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f61116e-3aa2-434d-b1fb-4ab54d148140_5605x3737.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/zelfregulatie-is-ook-co-regulatie&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:173161155,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:14,&quot;comment_count&quot;:9,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><h2>Waarom is de polyvagaaltheorie belangrijk?</h2><p>De theorie biedt niet alleen een verklaring voor wat er in het zenuwstelsel gebeurt, ze heeft ook directe consequenties voor hoe we omgaan met mensen, met klachten en met herstel.</p><h3>Opvoeding en onderwijs</h3><p>Een veilige omgeving is geen luxe, maar het is de fysiologische voorwaarde voor leren en ontwikkelen. Een zenuwstelsel dat in de verdedigingsmodus staat en waarbij het verbindingssysteem minder actief is, kan niet optimaal leren. Kinderen die opgroeien in onveiligheid ontwikkelen een zenuwstelsel dat continu op alert staat. De gevolgen zijn meetbaar tot in het volwassen leven, zoals uitgebreid aangetoond door onderzoek naar Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE).</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;9a125d78-5ce5-430a-af66-e052413ba740&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Inleiding&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-11-29T22:48:08.138Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1f3170d-858d-4a6e-847e-26500d38b012_2048x1365.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/ace&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147618244,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:7,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><h3>Voor de (psycho)therapeutische praktijk</h3><p>De polyvagaaltheorie verplaatst de therapeutische blik: van &#8220;wat is er mis met deze persoon?&#8221; naar &#8220;welke overlevingsrespons heeft dit zenuwstelsel geleerd?&#8221; Dat is een belangrijke andere en minder stigmatiserende invalshoek. Lichaamsgerichte therapie&#235;n als Somatic Experiencing&#174; werken direct met de autonome staat, en veel minder via praten en het denkvermogen (= cognitie).</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;d4f9975e-f91a-47ec-847e-e3605cb4c816&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Als gevoel de vrijheid krijgt,&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Stress- en Traumarelease&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-12-27T22:56:50.435Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SJnM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa60786fe-3c1c-4962-b699-9a86d5ff2552_1024x801.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/stress-en-traumarelease&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:153697059,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;page&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><h3>Voor de professional zelf</h3><p>Co-regulatie maakt duidelijk dat een professional niet alleen technieken toepast, maar met het eigen zenuwstelsel aanwezig is. Een gereguleerde professional biedt een gereguleerde ruimte. Dat kon wel eens het werkzaamste element van de therapie- of coachingssessie zijn. Zoals Stephen Porges zei:</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Veiligheid IS de therapie.</p><p>Stephen Porges</p></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;3e95830a-0e0d-4474-809d-29f9722f4407&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Do you prefer the English version?&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;De brug tussen niets en therapie&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null},{&quot;id&quot;:221077525,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Cees Van Elst&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;I work as an executive (team)coach &amp; consultant, mainly in the medical sector. And I love to write about my job and relevant stuff.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hYdQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff98e325a-721a-4cb9-88ee-3dd5ac57a184_640x1136.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:true,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;primaryPublicationSubscribeUrl&quot;:&quot;https://ceesvanelst.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;primaryPublicationUrl&quot;:&quot;https://ceesvanelst.substack.com&quot;,&quot;primaryPublicationName&quot;:&quot;Cees Van Elst&quot;,&quot;primaryPublicationId&quot;:6339495}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-09-28T06:08:22.730Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4ItN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/de-brug-tussen-niets-en-therapie&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:174152121,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:10,&quot;comment_count&quot;:15,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><h3>Voor medicatie en behandelkeuze</h3><p>Inzicht in autonome ontregeling helpt verklaren waarom bepaalde behandelmethoden werken en andere niet. Het biedt ook aanknopingspunten voor nieuwe interventies &#8211; van HRV-biofeedback tot stemgebruik, van groepstherapie tot lichaamswerk.</p><h3>Voor de samenleving</h3><p>Op maatschappelijk niveau vraagt de polyvagaaltheorie: welke omgevingen cre&#235;ren veiligheid, en welke cre&#235;ren chronische dreiging? Dat raakt aan architectuur, beleid, zorg en onderwijs; overal waar mensen samenleven en samenwerken.</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;288478a9-b854-40c0-a556-c847e652b638&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Inleiding&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Waarom de polyvagaaltheorie juist nu belangrijk is&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-03-02T06:31:11.267Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3d6bffb-c5eb-40ed-89f8-942509c959e0_5184x3456.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/waarom-de-polyvagaaltheorie-juist-nu-belangrijk-is&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:157328312,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:3,&quot;comment_count&quot;:8,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><p>Voor elk van deze punten zullen de komende tijd artikelen verschijnen op deze website. <em>Stay tuned!</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.relaxmore.net/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div class="pullquote"><p>"De Polyvagaaltheorie is voor iedereen die ge&#239;nteresseerd is in de evolutie, de menselijke ontwikkeling en het functioneren van het sociale brein.</p><p>Ik moedig je aan om met dr. Porges op ontdekkingsreis te gaan, omdat hij zijn uitgebreide kennis van de hersenen, ons lichaam en onze intermenselijke emotionele verbinding deelt op een manier die je begrip van en waardering voor zowel ons sociale als innerlijke zelf zullen verdiepen."</p><p>Louis Cozolino, hoogleraar psychologie</p></div><h2>Gevolgen van de polyvagaaltheorie</h2><p>Toen Porges in 1994 de polyvagaaltheorie publiceerde, vermoedde hij nog niet dat pioniers als Peter Levine (grondlegger van de lichaamsgerichte traumatherapie Somatic Experiencing&#174;) en Bessel van der Kolk (hoogleraar psychiatrie, gespecialiseerd in posttraumatische stressstoornissen) hier heel veel belangstelling voor hadden.</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;809d1786-fcb4-4d33-b541-1b5bb9b66e08&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Inleiding&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Peter Levine, grondlegger van Somatic Experiencing&#174;&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-04-18T17:00:12.000Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F907b1cb9-7e19-4c5e-9cc8-66da8e5fb36b_1000x1500.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/peter-levine&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;De Polyvagale Wereld&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:147347220,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><p>Porges had de immobilisatie als verdedigingsstrategie bij dieren nog niet geduid als een mogelijke <em>traumatische reactie</em> bij mensen. Maar zijn theorie verklaarde eindelijk wat Levine, van der Kolk, Ogden en een aantal andere lichaamsgericht werkende pioniers al zo lang wisten: de weg naar traumaheling gaat <em><strong>via het lichaam</strong></em>. <br>Z&#243; kan het gevoel van veiligheid getraind worden en terugkomen.</p><div><hr></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;234d8209-c7d6-4924-9fb4-f01d2a39492e&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Als gevoel de vrijheid krijgt,&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Stress- en Traumarelease&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:42265981,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ronald de Caluw&#233;&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Tai Chi en Qigong leraar, mindfulness- en compassietrainer, supervisor, lichaamsgericht traumacounselor. Co-voorzitter van het Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland. Schrijft graag over o.a. de polyvagaaltheorie. Zen-beginner sinds eind jaren '80.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33232dd3-97a7-45fd-9ae1-f630ce58f581_1490x1490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-12-27T22:56:50.435Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SJnM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa60786fe-3c1c-4962-b699-9a86d5ff2552_1024x801.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/stress-en-traumarelease&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:153697059,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;page&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2291344,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;RelaxMore.net&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f0cd8b-bf84-430e-88ec-a0d739f8eb96_200x200.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><p>We zijn en blijven mensen &#233;n zoogdieren, en voor onze overleving hebben we relaties en interactie met anderen nodig. Dit zijn voor veel mensen moeilijke gebieden in het leven, en hier liggen duidelijke links met thema&#8217;s als gehechtheid, intimiteit, liefde en vriendschap.</p><div><hr></div><blockquote><h4>Ben je therapeut of zorgverlener en ge&#239;nteresseerd in deze materie?</h4><p>Ik heb een tweedaagse training ontwikkeld<em>: <br>&#8221;</em><strong><a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/training-polyvagaaltheorie">De Polyvagaaltheorie en Traumaresponsen</a></strong>&#8221;. <br>Verdiepende theorie met een vertaalslag naar de praktijk.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/p/training-polyvagaaltheorie&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Check deze training&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/training-polyvagaaltheorie"><span>Check deze training</span></a></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>Filmpje?</h2><p>In dit mooie filmpje met Nederlandse ondertiteling wordt de hele polyvagaaltheorie begrijpelijk uitgelegd.</p><div id="youtube2-fkbMon-EQ3I" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;fkbMon-EQ3I&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/fkbMon-EQ3I?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>Heb je na het lezen van dit artikel vragen, stel die dan in de comments hieronder en niet via de e-mail. Zodoende kunnen meer mensen iets van je vraag leren.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.relaxmore.net/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><blockquote><p><strong>Dit artikel maakt deel uit van het <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/relaxicon">Relaxicon</a> op RelaxMore.net.</strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Als je dit artikel lezenswaardig vond en (nog) geen betaald abonnement wilt, mag je me ook trakteren op een cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Science Beyond Boundaries]]></title><description><![CDATA[In the current wave of negativity surrounding the polyvagal theory I see a parallel, and that is why I felt it was time to examine and write an essay about a number of past scientific discoveries and their journey toward acceptance. What can we learn about how science deals with criticism?]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/science-beyond-boundaries</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/science-beyond-boundaries</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 08 Mar 2026 10:40:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6j3i!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6efb9eb-edb1-413f-b551-248b268f2110_4144x3072.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6j3i!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6efb9eb-edb1-413f-b551-248b268f2110_4144x3072.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6j3i!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6efb9eb-edb1-413f-b551-248b268f2110_4144x3072.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6j3i!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6efb9eb-edb1-413f-b551-248b268f2110_4144x3072.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6j3i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6efb9eb-edb1-413f-b551-248b268f2110_4144x3072.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6j3i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6efb9eb-edb1-413f-b551-248b268f2110_4144x3072.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6j3i!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6efb9eb-edb1-413f-b551-248b268f2110_4144x3072.jpeg" width="1200" height="889.5752895752896" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e6efb9eb-edb1-413f-b551-248b268f2110_4144x3072.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:3072,&quot;width&quot;:4144,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:2573198,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa3bc897c-8966-41d9-8e6b-13875042f845_4208x3120.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6j3i!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6efb9eb-edb1-413f-b551-248b268f2110_4144x3072.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6j3i!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6efb9eb-edb1-413f-b551-248b268f2110_4144x3072.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6j3i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6efb9eb-edb1-413f-b551-248b268f2110_4144x3072.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6j3i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6efb9eb-edb1-413f-b551-248b268f2110_4144x3072.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: Ronald de Caluw&#233;</figcaption></figure></div><h2>Introduction</h2><p>For decades I have been fascinated by &#8220;how things work.&#8221; By &#8220;things&#8221; I mean above all our body, our brain, and our nervous system&#8212;but pursuing that curiosity quickly leads to the question of how all of this came to be<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>. From there it is only a small step to <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/evolutie">evolutionary theory</a>, the emergence of the human sciences, and, from there, Buddhist philosophy and psychology.</p><p>Over the years I have collected and studied a fair amount of reading material on these themes<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>, but also on science in general. What struck me repeatedly while reading about scientific developments was how painfully slow the acceptance of new insights can be&#8212;especially when those insights connect different disciplines or domains.</p><p>In the current wave of negativity surrounding the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagal theory</a> I see a parallel, and that is why I felt it was time to examine and write an essay about a number of past scientific discoveries and their journey toward acceptance. What can these stories teach us about how science deals with criticism<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg" width="725.0078125" height="483.5045233087225" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/be5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:725.0078125,&quot;bytes&quot;:1697767,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@sieuwert?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Sieuwert Otterloo</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/clear-drinking-glasses-on-table-AuR4z-edGAU?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>A scientist who poisoned himself</h2><p>In 1984, the Australian physician Barry Marshall did something his colleagues considered completely insane. He took a petri dish in which he had cultured a bacterium, mixed the contents with a small amount of liquid, and drank it. Not just any bacterium, but a micro-organism he claimed caused stomach ulcers.</p><p>The medical establishment at the time was absolutely convinced of its wisdom: stomach ulcers were caused by stress, too much coffee, spicy food, and a hectic lifestyle. Everyone knew that. Treatment consisted of sedatives, antacids, and advice to slow down. That a bacterium might cause stomach ulcers? Impossible. The stomach was far too acidic for bacteria to survive in. That was basic biology, and Marshall apparently was not clever enough to grasp it.</p><p>A few days after his self-experiment, Marshall began to feel terrible. He suffered from bloating, his breath became foul, and he was vomiting in the mornings. When he underwent an endoscopy, his stomach lining was found to be severely inflamed. The bacterium he had swallowed&#8212;later named Helicobacter pylori&#8212;had struck. Marshall had proved what he set out to prove: this bacterium caused inflammation of the stomach lining, and from that inflammation a peptic ulcer could develop.</p><p>It would take nearly ten more years before the medical world took him seriously. In 1994, a major conference in the United States finally concluded that he was right: stomach ulcers were indeed caused by a bacterium, and they could be cured with antibiotics. In 2005, Marshall and his colleague Robin Warren received the Nobel Prize for their discovery.</p><p>Why did it take so long? Why did a scientist have to literally make himself ill to be heard? And why is this pattern&#8212;a scientist discovers something, is ridiculed, and years later is vindicated&#8212;so persistently recurring throughout history?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg" width="725.46875" height="551.0772235576923" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1106,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:725.46875,&quot;bytes&quot;:1748459,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@nuvaproductions?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Javier Miranda</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-planet-with-clouds-and-water-NOBHX-kLLvc?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>The man who moved continents</h2><p>If you look at a world map, you notice something remarkable. The eastern coastline of South America fits suspiciously well into the western coastline of Africa&#8212;as if someone had pulled two puzzle pieces apart. German scientist Alfred Wegener made the same observation in 1912, but he went further than merely looking. He gathered evidence from several corners of science.</p><p>Wegener was, in fact, a meteorologist, someone whose work concerned weather and climate, but his interests were broad. Reading articles on fossils, he encountered something puzzling: the same ancient plant and animal species were found in both South America and Africa. How was that possible? Those creatures could not have swum across the ocean. Traces of ancient glaciers appeared in places that are now tropically warm. And rock formations on either side of the ocean resembled each other strikingly.</p><p>Wegener conceived an explanation that at the time seemed utterly nonsensical: the continents had once been joined. He called this supercontinent Pangaea, meaning &#8220;all lands.&#8221; Roughly 300 million years ago, this mega-continent had broken apart, and ever since, the various pieces had been drifting slowly away from each other. South America and Africa had literally drifted apart.</p><p>The geological community&#8217;s reaction was devastating. Wegener was not a real geologist&#8212;what could he possibly know about it? Moreover, he could not explain how continents might move across the hard ocean floor. The prominent British geophysicist Harold Jeffreys calculated that it was physically impossible. The forces Wegener proposed&#8212;a kind of pull from the Earth&#8217;s rotation&#8212;were far too weak to displace enormous landmasses.</p><p>At a 1926 conference in New York, Wegener was publicly ridiculed. Speakers were sarcastic and sometimes outright insulting. A geologist who later recalled that period said, &#8220;I once asked one of my professors why he never spoke about continental drift. He answered scornfully that he might consider it if I could prove that a force existed capable of moving continents. The idea was complete nonsense, I was told.&#8221;</p><p>Wegener died in 1930 during an expedition in Greenland, aged fifty. He never knew he was right. It would be until the 1960s before his ideas were taken seriously.</p><p>In the 1950s, an American cartographer, Marie Tharp, began working with data from the ocean floor. Tharp was not permitted to join the research ships herself&#8212;women were not welcome on board&#8212;so she worked in the office with the measurements sent back from sea. From those dry numbers she constructed detailed maps of what lay beneath the water.</p><p>There she discovered something remarkable: running straight through the Atlantic Ocean was an enormous mountain range, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. More striking still was a deep cleft running along the center of that range, a rift valley. When she told her colleague Bruce Heezen, he was skeptical&#8212;it seemed as though she wanted to breathe new life into Wegener&#8217;s old fantasies. But Tharp was right.</p><p>That mountain range turned out to be the place where new ocean floor was being created. Molten rock welled up, solidified, and pushed the older ocean floor aside. Other scientists found magnetic patterns in the rocks that confirmed it. Gradually the realization grew: the ocean floor is continuously renewed. New crust appears along underwater mountain ridges; old crust disappears into deep trenches. And those moving plates carry the continents with them.</p><p>By the mid-1960s, plate tectonics&#8212;the refined version of Wegener&#8217;s continental drift&#8212;was generally accepted. But Wegener himself had died thirty years earlier, ignored and mocked by the scientific establishment. And Marie Tharp, whose maps had provided the crucial evidence, received recognition only decades later. Her name was often absent from the publications her work had underpinned.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5919109,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: Ronald de Caluw&#233;</figcaption></figure></div><h2>Darwin and the earth that was too young</h2><p>Charles Darwin wrote his famous book <em>On the Origin of Species</em> in the two decades before its publication in 1859. The idea was simple yet revolutionary: species change over time. Through natural selection, better-adapted variants survive and pass their traits on to their offspring. Over millions of years, this leads to enormous diversity and the emergence of new species.</p><p>Within twenty years, most scientists were convinced that evolution was a fact<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a>. Species had not been created in immutable form but developed over time. Yet there was one colossal problem to which Darwin had no answer: the time required.</p><p>William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin), one of the most respected physicists of his era, had calculated the age of the Earth. Starting from a molten fireball that gradually cooled, he concluded the Earth was between 24 and 400 million years old. That sounds impressively ancient&#8212;certainly far older than biblical accounts suggest&#8212;yet it was far too short for Darwin&#8217;s gradual evolution. Darwin needed billions of years, not millions.</p><p>Darwin was keenly aware of the problem. In 1869 he wrote to his colleague Alfred Wallace, &#8220;Thomson&#8217;s views on the recent age of the world have been one of my sorest troubles.&#8221; He believed he was right but could not substantiate it with hard figures.</p><p>There were further difficulties. How were traits passed from parents to children? Darwin did not know. Genetics did not yet exist<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a>. There were also great gaps in the fossil record. Where were all the transitional forms? Critics such as the engineer Fleeming Jenkin argued that variations had a natural ceiling: you could selectively breed larger cattle, but growth eventually stopped. How then could you move from one species to an entirely different one?</p><p>Interestingly, biologists did accept evolution, but often not Darwin&#8217;s mechanism of natural selection. In France, Lamarck&#8217;s theory remained more popular well into the twentieth century. Lamarck held that organisms passed on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring: a giraffe that repeatedly stretched its neck to reach the highest leaves would produce offspring with longer necks. This theory also sat more comfortably with the moral climate of the time&#8212;you could improve yourself, and that improvement would be inherited.</p><p>The breakthrough came only in the 1930s: the integration of Mendelian genetics with Darwinian natural selection. The discovery of mutations and heredity via genes solved the problem of inheritance. Radioactive dating showed that the Earth was billions, not millions, of years old. Lord Kelvin had simply not accounted for radioactivity, a phenomenon unknown in his day<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a>. The &#8220;Modern Synthesis,&#8221; or Neo-Darwinism, integrated genetics with evolutionary theory. Only then&#8212;seventy years after Darwin&#8217;s publication&#8212;was natural selection fully accepted.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg" width="725.4375" height="483.7910800137363" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:725.4375,&quot;bytes&quot;:4876164,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@cheaousa?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Ousa Chea</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/white-microscope-on-top-of-black-table-gKUC4TMhOiY?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>Germs in a world of miasmas</h2><p>Well into the nineteenth century, physicians and scientists believed that diseases were caused by &#8220;miasmas.&#8221; Miasma comes from Greek and literally means &#8220;pollution&#8221; or &#8220;contamination.&#8221; A kind of toxic vapor, it was thought, rose from rotting material. If you came near sewers, swamps, or corpses, you inhaled that poisonous air and fell ill<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a>. The Black Death, the plague that killed millions across Europe, was explained by such noxious emanations.</p><p>Against that backdrop, in the 1860s a French chemist named Louis Pasteur proposed a radical theory. Diseases were not caused by bad air but by microscopically small organisms: bacteria. These germs were so tiny they could only be seen through a microscope, yet they were everywhere<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a>. And when they entered the body, they could cause illness.</p><p>The resistance was immense. Rudolf Virchow, a celebrated German pathologist, mocked Pasteur. He is said to have declared that he had never looked through a microscope and had no intention of doing so. His argument against germ theory sounded logical: &#8220;If microbes were responsible for diseases, and they are everywhere, we would all be ill.&#8221; What Virchow did not understand was that the immune system can fight off most germs and that disease results only under specific circumstances.</p><p>Across Europe and also in the United States, Pasteur&#8217;s theory was vigorously contested by medical professionals who did not want to accept the change. This was a fundamental shift in how medicine was practiced. If diseases came from germs, then instruments had to be sterilized, hands had to be washed, and patients had to be isolated&#8212;a completely unique proposition from simply ensuring fresh air.</p><p>Pasteur himself was not a physician but a chemist. He had begun by studying wine fermentation and discovered that micro-organisms were responsible for the process. He then applied that knowledge to diseases in silkworms and later to infectious diseases in humans and animals. He was, in short, an outsider to medicine who solved a medical problem from an entirely different discipline.</p><p>Other scientists added pieces to the puzzle. The Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis showed that puerperal fever occurred far less often when doctors washed their hands. The English physician John Snow traced a cholera outbreak in London to a specific water pump contaminated with sewage. The English surgeon Joseph Lister began sterilizing instruments with carbolic acid, and suddenly far more patients survived operations.</p><p>By the end of the nineteenth century, most scientists were convinced. The German physician Robert Koch formulated criteria in 1884 for establishing whether a specific bacterium causes a specific disease. He identified the bacteria responsible for anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. Germ theory became a cornerstone of modern medicine. The journey from miasmas to microbes had taken roughly thirty years&#8212;thirty years during which physicians like Semmelweis suffered mental breakdowns because no one believed them, patients died of infections that could have been prevented, and a new truth fought against old certainties.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:362585,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@aresbuddhi?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">BUDDHI Kumar SHRESTHA</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-close-up-of-a-human-brain-on-a-white-background-iW_n3MqVVtU?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>Proteins that cause infection</h2><p>In 1982 neurologist Stanley Prusiner made a claim that overturned much of what biologists and physicians knew about infection. He had isolated the infectious agent responsible for scrapie, a disease in sheep. It turned out to be neither a virus nor a bacterium. It was a protein&#8212;an ordinary protein, without DNA or RNA.</p><p>That was impossible. The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. That is how organisms reproduce, how life &#8220;works.&#8221; A protein without genetic material that can replicate itself? This contradicted everything that was known.</p><p>Prusiner named this infectious protein a &#8220;prion,&#8221; derived from &#8220;proteinaceous infectious particle.&#8221; His idea was that a normal protein found in everyone&#8217;s body sometimes assumes the wrong shape. That misfolded form is stable and can force other, normal proteins to adopt the same wrong shape&#8212;a kind of domino effect. These misfolded proteins accumulate in the brain and cause fatal diseases such as BSE (mad cow disease) and, in humans, variant Creutzfeldt&#8211;Jakob disease.</p><p>The scientific world reacted with enormous skepticism. Prusiner was contradicted and ridiculed. For two decades he endured the mockery of his colleagues. Even prominent scientists such as David Baltimore, himself a Nobel laureate, were among the doubters. Some scientists persisted in claiming that an undiscovered virus must be involved. A protein alone simply could not transmit disease.</p><p>But Prusiner held on. He identified the specific protein and demonstrated that it occurred in two forms: a normal variant present in everyone and a disease-causing form folded differently. He conducted experiments showing that prions were resistant to treatments that normally kill viruses and bacteria&#8212;such as radiation that damages DNA&#8212;indicating that this was not a virus but a protein, albeit one extraordinarily stably folded and resistant to most methods that ordinarily break proteins down.</p><p>In the 1990s the BSE epidemic broke out in Great Britain. Thousands of cattle fell ill and had to be destroyed. Worse still, people who had eaten infected meat developed a variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Suddenly this was no longer a theoretical discussion but a real public health emergency.</p><p>The tide turned. More and more scientists concluded that Prusiner might well be right. In 1997, fifteen years after his first publication, he received the Nobel Prize.</p><h2>What these stories share</h2><p>When you place all these examples side by side, several patterns emerge.</p><p><strong>First</strong>, not one of these scientists could tell the complete story at the time of their first publication. Marshall had not conducted randomized trials. Wegener did not know how continents moved. Darwin did not understand how traits were inherited. Pasteur could not yet determine which specific bacterium caused which disease. Prusiner could not explain every detail of prion replication.</p><p>Yet the absence of a complete mechanism proved to be no reason to reject the entire theory. Later research and the growth of knowledge filled the gaps. For Wegener, it was oceanography that provided the key. For Darwin it was genetics. For Pasteur it was microbiology. For Marshall it was clinical trials with antibiotics. For Prusiner it was the structural biology of proteins.</p><p><strong>Second</strong>, all of these theories ran directly counter to established convictions. Continents did not move&#8212;everyone knew that. Species had been created immutably. Diseases came from bad air. Stomach ulcers came from stress. Infectious diseases came from viruses or bacteria, always with DNA or RNA. These ideas formed the paradigms of their time&#8212;the worldview on which scientists based their work, the firmly anchored scientific consensus.</p><p><strong>Third</strong>, these scientists were often not taken seriously because they were &#8220;outsiders.&#8221; Wegener was a meteorologist, not a geologist. Darwin was a naturalist without a formal academic position&#8212;essentially an amateur&#8212;not an established scholar at a university. Pasteur was a chemist, not a physician. Marshall was a gastroenterologist, not a microbiologist. Prusiner was a neurologist, not a molecular biologist or biochemist. That they came from another field was used against them. They could not possibly grasp the finer points of the discipline.</p><p>But it was precisely that outsider status that gave them an advantage: they saw connections that specialists overlooked. Wegener combined geography, paleontology, and climatology. Darwin brought biology and geology together. Pasteur applied chemical knowledge to medical problems. Marshall linked clinical observations with microbiology. Prusiner united neurology and biochemistry. They looked over the fence of their discipline and saw a larger picture.</p><p>It is inevitable that you become an outsider when you publish a theory spanning multiple fields. That also explains a significant part of the fierce resistance: cross-domain theories are judged by each discipline at their weakest points.</p><h1>The problem of crossing domains</h1><p>That last point&#8212;the cross-disciplinary character&#8212;deserves closer examination because it explains much of the resistance.</p><p>Scientific disciplines are like countries with their language, culture, and laws, written or unwritten. Geologists employ different methods than biologists. Anatomists look at the world differently than psychologists. Every discipline has its standards for what counts as evidence, its journals, and its experts who determine what is publishable.</p><p>If you develop a theory that fits within a single field, your work is assessed by experts in that domain. They examine your methods, your data, and your reasoning. If it is sound, they accept it. If it is weak, they reject it. That system works reasonably well.</p><p>The paradox is that precisely the apparent &#8220;weakness&#8221;&#8212;not &#8220;being fully at home in a given field&#8221;&#8212;is what creates space for out-of-the-box thinking. A specialist would never ask certain questions because they do not fit within the paradigm of that field. An outsider asks exactly those uncomfortable questions.</p><p>Geologists looked at Wegener and saw the mechanism does not work; the forces are too weak. That was true. But they did not see the strength of the paleontological and climatological evidence because that was not their area of expertise.</p><p>Biologists looked at Darwin and saw the mechanism of inheritance was missing; the timescale was wrong. Also true. But they missed the geographical and anatomical patterns that Darwin found so compelling.</p><p>With Pasteur it was clinical medicine. He was not a physician; he had not treated patients. That was accurate. Medical practitioners looked down on this chemist who thought he could tell them how diseases worked. But they did not see the strength of his experimental evidence.</p><p>With Marshall it was the absence of large clinical studies. One self-experiment does not make science, critics said. Where were the randomized trials? Yet his microbiological observations were correct, and when the trials came, they confirmed his hypothesis.</p><p>With Prusiner, it was the apparent impossibility of proteins without nucleic acid. That contradicted molecular biology. Critics kept searching for hidden viruses. Yet his biochemical work was meticulous and careful.</p><p>And today? Anatomists look at the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagal theory</a> and see the anatomical details do not match exactly as described. Porges suggests that different vagal systems operate independently, but anatomists observe that the nerve fibers that slow the heart originate from different nuclei in the brainstem and work together rather than as separate entities. That too may be true. But anatomists do not necessarily see the clinical value, the therapeutic applications, or the explanatory power for trauma responses&#8212;because that is not their area of expertise.</p><p>The problem is that no one surveys the complete picture. Each discipline judges the work on the aspects that concern it and that it understands. And when you work across domains, there is almost always a discipline where your work is vulnerable&#8212;perhaps because you do indeed make errors in that field, perhaps because you are not familiar with the latest insights there, or perhaps simply because you, as a generalist, do not have the depth of knowledge of a specialist.</p><p>This is why cross-disciplinary theories attract so much criticism. Every discipline sees the weak spots within its domain. And that criticism can be entirely valid. Darwin genuinely did not know genetics. Wegener genuinely lacked a mechanism. Those points of criticism were legitimate.</p><p>But what critics often miss is the <em>synthetic power</em> of a theory&#8212;its capacity to bring together different puzzle pieces from different fields into a new picture. That is precisely where the strength of a cross-domain theory lies, and it is precisely what specialists do not always see.</p><h1>The role of time and technology</h1><p>In virtually all of these examples, time played an important role. It took decades before the theories were accepted&#8212;sometimes because new generations of scientists grew up unencumbered by the old prejudices, but often because new technologies produced evidence that had previously been impossible to gather.</p><p>Wegener&#8217;s theory only gathered momentum when sonar techniques could map the ocean floor, when scientists used magnetometers to measure magnetic patterns in the seabed, and when seismographs could trace earthquakes across the globe. None of those techniques existed in Wegener&#8217;s time.</p><p>Darwin&#8217;s theory was confirmed when genetics developed, when microscopes became powerful enough to observe chromosomes, and when radioactive dating revealed the true age of the Earth. Darwin did not have those tools.</p><p>Germ theory benefited from better microscopes, from techniques for culturing bacteria, and from the discovery of viruses as microscopes grew still more powerful.</p><p>Marshall&#8217;s work was confirmed when antibiotics became available and it could be shown that stomach ulcers disappeared when the bacterium was killed.</p><p>Prusiner&#8217;s work gained support when proteins could be purified and their structure determined at a molecular level.</p><p>Occasionally an idea is simply ahead of its time. The tools to prove it do not yet exist. The framework to understand it is not yet in place. That is why a theory may have to wait decades before the rest of science catches up.</p><h1>Not every criticized theory is rehabilitated</h1><p>There is another important aspect that belongs in this essay. For every theory that survived criticism and was eventually accepted, many others were criticized and rightly rejected. Those stories deserve attention too, because they show that criticism can have good reason.</p><p>Consider the <em>phlogiston theory</em> of the eighteenth century. Scientists believed that combustible materials contained a substance released during burning&#8212;phlogiston. This theory had adherents for decades, was defended by prominent chemists, and seemed to offer an elegant explanation for a range of phenomena: why things burn, why fire goes out in an enclosed space, and why metals rust. But there was a problem: metals became heavier when they burned, not lighter. The theory required increasingly elaborate adjustments to explain this, such as &#8220;negative phlogiston.&#8221; In the end, Lavoisier&#8217;s oxygen theory made the entire construction superfluous.</p><p>Or consider <em>cold fusion</em> in 1989. Two scientists claimed to have achieved nuclear fusion at room temperature&#8212;which, if true, would have solved the energy crisis. The press was euphoric. Laboratories across the world attempted to reproduce the results. A few claimed success. But gradually it became clear that it did not work. The original experiments had rested on measurement errors and overconfidence.</p><p>Or <em>polywater</em> in the 1960s and &#8216;70s. A Russian scientist believed he had discovered a new form of water with bizarre properties. International labs studied the phenomenon; publications, conferences, and discussions followed. It turned out to be nothing more than contaminated water.</p><p>Or <em>vitalism</em>&#8212;the idea that living organisms contain a special &#8220;life force&#8221; that makes them fundamentally different from dead matter. Popular in the nineteenth century and enjoying considerable scientific support, vitalism was gradually undermined as biochemistry and molecular biology demonstrated that life processes are simply complex chemical reactions. No special force required.</p><p>These theories shared something with the examples that eventually proved successful: they were defended by eminent scientists, they had supporters and opponents, they attracted fierce criticism while their proponents held firm, and they promised revolutionary insights. Yet they were mistaken.</p><h1>What makes the difference?</h1><p>This is a meaningful question&#8212;particularly when we later look more closely at the polyvagal theory. If you are in the middle of such a scientific struggle, how do you know whether you are a Darwin or a defender of phlogiston? In hindsight it is easy to see, but during the process?</p><p>Patterns can be distinguished, though they offer no guarantees. Phlogiston required ever more complicated assumptions to explain observations. Cold fusion could not be consistently reproduced. Polywater vanished the moment more careful work was done. Vitalism became increasingly redundant as science advanced. These theories were not merely rejected because of new insights; above all, they eroded because they failed to deliver on their promises.</p><p>The theories that did survive&#8212;evolution, plate tectonics, germ theory, prions&#8212;had a different dynamic. They began rough and incomplete but became more robust as more research accumulated. They predicted things that were later confirmed. They opened fruitful lines of inquiry. They converged with evidence from an ever-growing number of disciplines, rather than diverging.</p><p>Darwin predicted transitional forms that were found decades later. Wegener&#8217;s continental drift received support from oceanography, seismology, and paleomagnetism&#8212;entirely different fields that independently arrived at the same conclusion. Pasteur&#8217;s germ theory led to antisepsis, vaccination, and antibiotics&#8212;practical applications that worked. Prusiner&#8217;s prions explained an ever-growing number of diseases as molecular biology advanced.</p><p>The difference lies not in the quantity of criticism nor in how long a theory withstands resistance. The difference lies in what happens as the investigation continues. Do the problems grow, or do they resolve? Do explanations become more complicated or simpler? Do different lines of research converge on the same conclusion or point in different directions?</p><p>For cross-domain theories, there is something more. The theories that survived&#8212;evolution, plate tectonics, and germ theory&#8212;ultimately became stronger through interdisciplinary research. Biologists collaborated with geologists, chemists with physicians, and neurologists with biochemists; the disciplines reinforced each other and filled each other&#8217;s gaps. With the theories that disappeared, such as vitalism or the ether theory, the opposite happened: as disciplines developed, they rendered the theory increasingly redundant.</p><p>This may be the most important distinction. A viable cross-domain theory builds bridges between disciplines that remain standing even as details are adjusted. It opens new fields of inquiry, poses new questions, and leads to productive collaborations. Flawed cross-domain theories merely fill temporary gaps in knowledge and disappear once those gaps are filled by other means.</p><p>But these too are criteria that can mainly be applied in retrospect. During the process itself, the distinction is often not sharp. That is precisely why scientific skepticism is so valuable: it ensures that only theories capable of withstanding continuous scrutiny survive.</p><h1>The polyvagal theory in perspective</h1><p>Against this background, it is interesting to look at the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagal theory</a>. This theory, developed by Stephen Porges&#8212;who worked on it from the 1970s and formally introduced it in 1994&#8212;seeks to explain how our autonomic nervous system responds to safety and danger and how this influences social behavior and emotion.</p><p>The theory combines neurobiology, evolutionary biology, psychology, psychiatry, and trauma therapy. It is a cross-domain theory <em>par excellence</em>. And, like the historical examples, it attracts criticism from multiple directions.</p><p>Anatomists and neuroscientists point to anatomical details that do not hold up. The &#8220;ventral vagal complex,&#8221; as Porges describes it, is said not to exist as a separate anatomical entity. Claims about unique mammalian innovations in the function of the vagus nerve are disputed. The details about which fibers travel where do not always appear to match what anatomy reveals.</p><p>That criticism is important and must be taken seriously. If the anatomical foundation of a theory does not hold, that is a real problem.</p><p>Yet at the same time, therapists, psychologists, and other professionals find great value in the theory. The concepts of neuroception (the unconscious detection of safety or danger), of a hierarchy in stress responses, and of the connection between autonomic regulation and social behavior prove to be clinically very useful. Trauma treatment has been influenced by them. The understanding of autism, anxiety disorders, and PTSD has benefited from them.</p><p>A tension thus arises between science and practice. Different disciplines see different things. Anatomists see anatomical errors. Therapists see therapeutic value. Both observations can be true simultaneously.</p><p>We genuinely do not know how this story will end. The polyvagal theory is not yet complete&#8212;Porges himself does not dispute this. He is willing to adapt his theory, responds to criticism, and refines his claims. The scientific discussion is ongoing. And that is the difference from our historical examples: we look at those with the wisdom of hindsight. We know how their stories ended. With the polyvagal theory, we are still in the midst of the process.</p><p>Perhaps this theory will follow the same path as evolutionary theory and plate tectonics: a large core of truth that is initially rough and imprecise but is gradually refined and accepted. Perhaps it will emerge, fifty years hence, that Porges was essentially right, even if details had to be adjusted. The theory is already opening fruitful lines of inquiry, gaining support from multiple therapeutic traditions, and demonstrating practical value&#8212;all characteristics that the successful theories displayed as well. Perhaps a refined, more complete theory of the autonomic nervous system will be developed that integrates certain insights from Porges.</p><p>We simply do not know. The history of science does not teach us that every cross-domain theory that attracts criticism will ultimately be vindicated. It teaches us that such theories must be assessed in a particular way and that the process of acceptance or rejection can be complex and lengthy.</p><p>What we do know is that Stephen W. Porges has published more than 400 articles on the PVT<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a>. These are not &#8220;unfounded&#8221; scientific claims. His work is a beautiful transdisciplinary synthesis, one that remains incomplete&#8212;and Porges himself is aware of that.</p><p>As Porges recently wrote<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a>:</p><blockquote><p>Polyvagal theory emerged from my efforts to bridge psychological processes and autonomic function, drawing on insights from neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, clinical medicine, and the study of brain&#8211;body connections across disciplines. Developing this theory illuminated a fundamental challenge in science today: disciplinary silos often restrict collaboration and the integration of knowledge, as specialized methods and language can inhibit the exchange of ideas. When research remains isolated, advancing collective understanding becomes more difficult. This study examines the development of PVT and articulates its core principles in light of interdisciplinary engagement&#8212;particularly with colleagues unfamiliar with the theory's foundational literature. Bridging such gaps requires not only sharing knowledge but also cultivating openness to new perspectives, intellectual flexibility, and a spirit of curiosity about ideas that challenge established assumptions.</p></blockquote><h1>What can we learn from this?</h1><p>An important lesson seems to be that science always contains a tension between specialization and synthesis&#8212;and we need both. We need experts who know every detail of their field, who can spot errors, and who maintain standards. Without them, science would descend into speculation and fantasy.</p><p>But we also need generalists who draw connections between disciplines, who ask new questions, and who dare to think outside the box. Without them, science would become mired in ever-narrower specializations that no longer communicate with each other&#8212;leading ultimately, in the extreme case, to a specialist who knows everything about nothing.</p><p>What we see is that these two types of scientists often clash. The specialist sees the errors, the imprecisions, and the lack of depth. The generalist sees the new connections, the synthetic power, the larger picture. And both are partly right.</p><p>A second lesson is that time and patience matter. Wegener&#8217;s theory needed fifty years. Darwin&#8217;s vision needed seventy. Genuine insight and profound knowledge apparently take time. New generations must graduate without the old prejudices. New techniques must be developed. Puzzle pieces from different fields must come together.</p><p>A third lesson is that criticism is valuable, even when it ultimately proves unfounded. The criticism of Darwin forced evolutionary biologists to become better&#8212;to develop genetics to study fossil evidence more carefully. The criticism of Wegener forced geologists to investigate the ocean floor to discover mechanisms. Criticism sharpens theories, and by doing so may help them survive.</p><p>And despite all these lessons, we must be cautious with historical analogies. That Wegener was right does not mean that every scientist who attracts criticism will be vindicated. That Marshall won a Nobel Prize after years of ridicule does not mean that every rejected theory will be rehabilitated. Phlogiston, cold fusion, polywater, and vitalism remind us that criticized theories may be criticized with good reason.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3934621,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@detait?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">detait</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-large-library-filled-with-lots-of-books-A1_rJmm6hz8?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>A messy process</h2><p>Some ideas come too early and die before their time arrives. Some scientists devote their lives to a theory that turns out to be wrong. Semmelweis ended his life in a psychiatric institution, broken because no one would take his handwashing hypothesis seriously.</p><p>Science beyond domain boundaries is not easy&#8212;neither for the theory nor for the scientist. It regularly invites criticism; it requires a particular way of evaluating, one that looks beyond the weak spots in individual fields and pays attention to the synthetic power of the whole.</p><p>But we must understand that we cannot use the past to justify the present. That Wegener was ultimately proved right says nothing about whether a current theory will be vindicated. Every theory must be judged on its merits&#8212;with nuanced criticism and attention to both weaknesses and strengths.</p><p>The stories of these scientists teach us above all: be open to new ideas, but also be critical. Do not dismiss too quickly, but do not accept too readily either. Pay attention to the criteria that distinguish successful theories from failures: convergence of evidence, predictive power, fruitful research programs, and practical applications that work. And recognize that science is a process unfolding over decades, with much uncertainty and few guarantees.</p><h1>In conclusion</h1><p>Can we say something meaningful about the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagal theory</a>? I think so.</p><p>If we look at the criteria that distinguish successful theories from failures, we may recognize certain patterns in the polyvagal theory. It opens fruitful lines of inquiry: from the microbiome-gut-brain axis to parasympathetic biofeedback, from research into social signals to studies of body-based interventions. It is gaining support from different disciplines: not only psychotherapy, but also education, perinatal care, addiction care, and autism support are applying its insights.</p><p>There are practical applications that demonstrably work: trauma-sensitive care in hospitals and mental health settings, regulation interventions in education, and support for developmental trauma. Porges&#8217;s model serves as a physiological explanation for the success of various body-based trauma therapies, including <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/stress-en-traumarelease">Somatic Experiencing</a>&#174;.</p><p>And the theory is becoming more robust as research accumulates: Porges continues to respond to criticism and continues to publish&#8212;which is how science is supposed to work. It is precisely the pattern we saw with Darwin, Wegener, and many of the other scientists mentioned here: a rough beginning that is gradually refined, not a rigid construction that collapses at the first headwind.</p><p>The criticism that exists certainly contains elements that still need to be examined, and I will be writing about those in the period ahead. But that is, in my view, no reason to throw the baby out with the bathwater.</p><p>Something for a future essay: the manner in which the polyvagal theory is being criticized does not deserve a prize for elegance&#8212;it is more reminiscent of the heated debates of Darwin&#8217;s era than of a nuanced scientific exchange.</p><p>The question is not whether every anatomical detail is correct&#8212;Darwin did not know genetics; Wegener had no explanatory mechanism. The question is whether the theory is fruitful enough to advance our understanding and whether it brings different disciplines together in a way that proves durable. Of that I am convinced. The <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagal theory</a> has given me more insight into the connection between body, emotion, and behavior than any theory I have encountered in the past several decades.</p><p>Whether in fifty years Porges&#8217;s theory will look exactly as it does today? Probably not. But the same was true of Darwin&#8217;s theory of evolution.</p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>If you found this article worth reading and (not yet) feel like getting a paid subscription, you can always treat me to a cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Theodosius Dobzhansky was a Ukrainian-American evolutionary biologist who in the 1960s made a celebrated pronouncement: &#8220;Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.&#8221; A statement that resonated with me immediately and further kindled my interest.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>See the photograph at the top of the article &#8230;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Full disclosure: As co-chair of the Polyvagal Institute Netherlands, I am an outspoken &#8220;proponent&#8221; of the polyvagal theory. I find it a beautiful theory, one that is enriching and that I believe deserves to have significant consequences for how we organise our society. I have written about this on relaxmore.net on several occasions. At the same time, I am a &#8220;truth-seeker,&#8221; so it is not my intention to suggest with this article that the polyvagal theory will sort itself out without further research or discussion. On the contrary: if we truly intend to let a theory influence the organisation of our society, that theory had better be well-founded. I have every confidence that things will work out well &#8212; but there is still work to be done.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Darwin was not, of course, the first or only person writing about evolution at the time; others &#8212; including his grandfather Erasmus Darwin &#8212; had already done considerable groundwork. But that is quite another story &#8230;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ironically, during Darwin&#8217;s own lifetime the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel had already published his work on heredity &#8212; and it appears that Darwin even had a copy on his bookshelf, though he never got around to reading it.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>The decay of radioactive elements in the Earth&#8217;s crust (uranium, thorium, potassium-40) continuously generates new heat &#8212; something entirely unknown in Kelvin&#8217;s time (1860&#8211;1890).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Interestingly, the word &#8220;miasma&#8221; is still used in English in a figurative sense to mean &#8220;a stifling or corrupting influence,&#8221; as in &#8220;a miasma of corruption.&#8221;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Bacteria had already been observed in the seventeenth century, but their role in disease was not understood. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to see bacteria through his microscope in 1676, calling them &#8220;diertjes&#8221; (&#8221;little animals&#8221;) or animalcules.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>More on this soon.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Source: <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/behavioral-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1659083/full#s1">https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/behavioral-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1659083/full#s1</a></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Wetenschap voorbij de domeinen]]></title><description><![CDATA[Met de recente negativiteit rond de polyvagaaltheorie vond ik het tijd om een aantal wetenschappelijke kwesties uit het verleden nader te belichten. Wat kunnen die ons leren over hoe wetenschap met kritiek omgaat?]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/wetenschap-voorbij-de-domeinen</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/wetenschap-voorbij-de-domeinen</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 08 Mar 2026 06:07:34 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oa1O!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oa1O!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oa1O!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oa1O!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oa1O!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oa1O!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oa1O!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg" width="1200" height="889.8118739311019" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:3035,&quot;width&quot;:4093,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:2529423,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa3bc897c-8966-41d9-8e6b-13875042f845_4208x3120.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oa1O!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oa1O!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oa1O!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oa1O!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e23790f-1c5c-4b50-af72-124e9c285230_4093x3035.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: Ronald de Caluw&#233;</figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Do you prefer the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/science-beyond-boundaries">English version</a>?</em></p><h2>Inleiding</h2><p>Al decennia ben ik ge&#239;nteresseerd in &#8220;hoe dingen werken&#8221;. Met <em>dingen</em> bedoel ik dan vooral ons lichaam en ons brein en zenuwstelsel, maar dan kom je ook al snel uit bij de vraag hoe dat allemaal ontstaan is<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>. Dan is het maar een kleine stap naar de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/evolutie">evolutietheorie</a>, het ontstaan van de geesteswetenschappen en van daaruit ben je zo bij de boeddhistische filosofie en psychologie. </p><p>Zo heb ik de afgelopen jaren wat leesvoer verzameld en bestudeerd<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>. Niet alleen over de thema's die ik hierboven noemde, maar ook over wetenschap in het algemeen. Wat me bij het lezen over wetenschappelijke ontwikkelingen regelmatig opviel, was hoe moeizaam nieuwe inzichten soms geaccepteerd worden &#8211; vooral wanneer ze verschillende vakgebieden of domeinen met elkaar verbinden. </p><p>In de recente negativiteit rond de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagaaltheorie</a> zie ik een parallel en daarom vond ik het tijd om een aantal wetenschappelijke ontdekkingen uit het verleden en hun reis naar acceptatie nader te onderzoeken en er dit essay over te schrijven. Wat kunnen deze verhalen ons leren over hoe wetenschap met kritiek omgaat<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg" width="725.0078125" height="483.5045233087225" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/be5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:725.0078125,&quot;bytes&quot;:1697767,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KUqw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe5473e8-e21e-417e-82da-a70bcaea0305_3648x2432.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@sieuwert?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Sieuwert Otterloo</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/clear-drinking-glasses-on-table-AuR4z-edGAU?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>Een wetenschapper die zichzelf vergiftigde</h2><p>In 1984 deed de Australische arts Barry Marshall iets wat zijn collega&#8217;s volkomen krankzinnig vonden. Hij nam een petrischaal waarin hij een bacterie had gekweekt, mixte de inhoud met wat vloeistof en dronk het op. Niet zomaar een bacterie, maar een micro-organisme waarvan hij beweerde dat het maagzweren veroorzaakte.</p><p>Het medische establishment was er in die tijd rotsvast van overtuigd: maagzweren werden veroorzaakt door stress, te veel koffie, pittig eten en een druk leven. Iedereen wist dat. De behandeling bestond uit kalmeringsmiddelen, zuurremmers en het advies om het rustiger aan te doen. Dat een bacterie maagzweren zou kunnen veroorzaken? Onmogelijk. De maag was veel te zuur voor bacteri&#235;n om in te overleven. Dat was basisbiologie, en Marshall was blijkbaar niet slim genoeg om dat te begrijpen.</p><p>Een paar dagen na zijn zelfexperiment begon Marshall zich beroerd te voelen. Hij kreeg last van een opgeblazen gevoel, zijn adem stonk en hij moest &#8216;s ochtends overgeven. Toen hij een kijkonderzoek van zijn maag liet doen, bleek zijn maagwand ernstig ontstoken. De bacterie die hij had ingeslikt &#8211; later Helicobacter pylori gedoopt &#8211; had toegeslagen. Marshall had bewezen wat hij wilde bewijzen: deze bacterie veroorzaakte ontstekingen in de maag. En als je die ontstekingen had, kon je een maagzweer krijgen.</p><p>Het zou nog bijna tien jaar duren voordat de medische wereld hem serieus nam. In 1994 werd op een groot congres in de Verenigde Staten eindelijk geconcludeerd dat hij gelijk had: maagzweren werden inderdaad veroorzaakt door een bacterie, en je kon ze genezen met antibiotica. In 2005 kreeg Marshall samen met zijn collega Robin Warren de Nobelprijs voor hun ontdekking.</p><p>Waarom duurde het zo lang? Waarom moest een wetenschapper zichzelf letterlijk ziek maken om gehoord te worden? En waarom is dit patroon &#8211; een wetenschapper die iets ontdekt, wordt uitgelachen, en jaren later gelijk krijgt &#8211; zo vaak in de geschiedenis terug te vinden?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg" width="725.46875" height="551.0772235576923" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1106,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:725.46875,&quot;bytes&quot;:1748459,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uJ5h!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a9c60aa-4eb8-4621-8728-63bc4fc7b7ce_4096x3112.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@nuvaproductions?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Javier Miranda</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-planet-with-clouds-and-water-NOBHX-kLLvc?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>De man die continenten liet bewegen</h2><p>Als je op een wereldkaart kijkt, zie je iets opmerkelijks. De oostkust van Zuid-Amerika lijkt verdacht goed te passen &#8220;in&#8221; de westkust van Afrika. Het is alsof iemand twee puzzelstukken uit elkaar heeft getrokken. Die observatie deed ook de Duitse wetenschapper Alfred Wegener in 1912. Maar hij ging verder dan alleen maar kijken. Hij verzamelde aanwijzingen uit verschillende hoeken van de wetenschap.</p><p>Wegener was eigenlijk meteoroloog, iemand die zich bezighield met weer en klimaat. Maar hij had een brede interesse. Hij las onder andere artikelen over fossielen en stuitte op iets merkwaardigs: dezelfde oude plant- en diersoorten werden gevonden in Zuid-Amerika &#233;n in Afrika. Hoe kon dat? Die dieren konden toch niet over de oceaan zwemmen? Ook vond je sporen van eeuwenoude gletsjers op plekken waar het nu tropisch warm was. En zo leken ook de gesteenten aan beide kanten van de oceaan sprekend op elkaar.</p><p>Wegener bedacht een verklaring die toen volslagen onzinnig leek: de continenten hadden ooit aan elkaar vastgezeten. Hij noemde dit supercontinent Pangaea, wat &#8216;alle landen&#8217; betekent. Ongeveer 300 miljoen jaar geleden was dit megacontinent uit elkaar gevallen, en sindsdien dreven de verschillende stukken langzaam uit elkaar. Zuid-Amerika en Afrika waren letterlijk van elkaar afgedreven.</p><p>De reactie van de geologie-wereld was vernietigend. Wegener was geen echte geoloog, dus wat wist hij ervan? Bovendien kon hij niet uitleggen hoe continenten over de harde oceaanbodem konden bewegen. Een vooraanstaand Engelse geofysicus, Harold Jeffreys, rekende voor dat het fysisch onmogelijk was. De krachten die Wegener voorstelde &#8211; een soort draaiing door de aardrotatie &#8211; waren veel te zwak om enorme landmassa&#8217;s te verplaatsen.</p><p>Op een congres in 1926 in New York werd Wegener publiekelijk belachelijk gemaakt. Sprekers waren sarcastisch en soms ronduit beledigend. Een geoloog die later over die tijd vertelde, zei: &#8220;Ik vroeg eens aan een van mijn docenten waarom hij niet over continentale drift praatte. Hij antwoordde spottend dat hij er misschien over zou nadenken als ik kon bewijzen dat er een kracht bestond die continenten kon verplaatsen. Het idee was complete waanzin, kreeg ik te horen.&#8221;</p><p>Wegener stierf in 1930 tijdens een expeditie op Groenland, op vijftigjarige leeftijd. Hij heeft nooit geweten dat hij gelijk had. Het zou tot de jaren zestig duren voordat zijn idee&#235;n serieus werden genomen.</p><p>In de jaren vijftig ging een Amerikaanse cartograaf, Marie Tharp, aan de slag met gegevens van de oceaanbodem. Tharp mocht zelf niet mee op onderzoeksschepen, want vrouwen waren daar niet welkom, dus werkte ze op kantoor met de metingen die men vanaf zee doorstuurde. Uit die droge cijfers construeerde ze gedetailleerde kaarten van wat er onder water lag.</p><p>En daar ontdekte ze iets opmerkelijks: dwars door de Atlantische Oceaan liep een enorme bergketen, de Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nog opvallender was dat er midden in die bergketen een diepe kloof zat, een rift valley. Toen ze dit aan haar collega Bruce Heezen vertelde, was hij sceptisch. Het leek wel of ze Wegeners oude fantasie&#235;n nieuw leven wilde inblazen. Maar Tharp had gelijk.</p><p>Die bergketen bleek de plek waar nieuwe oceaanbodem ontstond. Gesmolten gesteente kwam omhoog, stolde en duwde de oudere oceaanbodem opzij. Andere wetenschappers vonden magnetische patronen in de rotsen die dit bevestigden. Langzaam groeide het besef: de oceaanbodem wordt voortdurend ververst. Er komt nieuwe korst bij in de vorm van onderwater bergkammen, oude korst verdwijnt weer in diepe troggen. En die bewegende platen nemen de continenten mee.</p><p>Tegen het midden van de jaren zestig was de platentektoniek &#8211; de verfijnde versie van Wegeners continentale drift &#8211; algemeen geaccepteerd. Maar Wegener zelf was dertig jaar eerder gestorven, genegeerd en bespot door het wetenschappelijke establishment. En Marie Tharp, wier kaarten het cruciale bewijs hadden geleverd, kreeg pas decennia later de erkenning die ze verdiende. Haar naam stond vaak niet eens op de publicaties waar haar werk de basis voor vormde.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5919109,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!34SM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8dd42938-3ebc-41dc-a96f-1860d4861ec5_5184x3888.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: Ronald de Caluw&#233;</figcaption></figure></div><h2>Darwin en de te jonge aarde</h2><p>Charles Darwin schreef zijn beroemde boek &#8216;Over het ontstaan van soorten&#8217; in de twee decennia voor de publicatie in 1859. Het idee was eenvoudig, maar revolutionair: soorten veranderen in de loop van de tijd. Door natuurlijke selectie overleven varianten die beter aangepast zijn aan hun omgeving, en zij geven hun eigenschappen door aan hun nakomelingen. Over miljoenen jaren leidt dit tot enorme diversiteit en het ontstaan van nieuwe soorten.</p><p>Binnen twintig jaar waren de meeste wetenschappers ervan overtuigd dat evolutie een feit was<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a>. Soorten waren niet onveranderlijk geschapen, maar ontwikkelden zich. Maar er was &#233;&#233;n gigantisch probleem waar Darwin geen antwoord op had: de benodigde tijd.</p><p>William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin genoemd), een van de meest gerespecteerde fysici van zijn tijd, had berekend hoe oud de aarde was. Hij ging uit van een gesmolten vuurbal die langzaam afkoelde. Zijn conclusie: de aarde was tussen de 24 en 400 miljoen jaar oud. Dat klinkt al als behoorlijk oud en sowieso een stuk ouder dan de bijbelse verhalen ons voorhouden, maar het was nog steeds veel te kort voor Darwins geleidelijke evolutie. Darwin had miljarden jaren nodig en geen miljoenen.</p><p>Darwin was zich terdege bewust van dit probleem. In 1869 schreef hij aan collega Alfred Wallace: &#8220;De opvattingen van Thomson over de jonge leeftijd van de wereld zijn al enige tijd een van mijn grootste zorgen.&#8221; Hij dacht dat hij gelijk had, maar kon het niet met harde cijfers onderbouwen.</p><p>Er waren meer problemen. Hoe werden eigenschappen doorgegeven van ouders op kinderen? Darwin wist het niet. De genetica bestond nog niet<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a>. Ook waren er grote leemtes in het fossielenbestand. Waar waren alle overgangsvormen? Critici als de ingenieur Fleeming Jenkin betoogden dat variaties een natuurlijke grens hadden. Je kon wel grotere koeien fokken, maar uiteindelijk stopte de groei. Hoe kon je dan van een soort naar een hele andere soort komen?</p><p>Het interessante is dat biologen w&#233;l evolutie accepteerden, maar vaak niet Darwins mechanisme van natuurlijke selectie. In Frankrijk was tot halverwege de twintigste eeuw de theorie van Lamarck populairder. Die beweerde dat organismen eigenschappen die ze tijdens hun leven verwierven, doorgaven aan hun nakomelingen. Een giraffe die heel vaak zijn nek rekte om bij de hoogste bladeren te komen, zou nakomelingen krijgen met langere nekken. Deze theorie paste ook beter bij de moraal van die tijd: je kon jezelf verbeteren en die verbetering werd doorgegeven.</p><p>Pas in de jaren dertig van de twintigste eeuw kwam de doorbraak: de integratie van Mendels genetica met Darwins natuurlijke selectie. De ontdekking van mutaties en erfelijkheid via genen loste het probleem van overerving op. Radioactieve datering toonde aan dat de aarde miljarden jaren oud was, niet miljoenen. Lord Kelvin had simpelweg geen rekening gehouden met radioactiviteit, een fenomeen dat in zijn tijd nog onbekend was<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a>. De &#8216;Moderne Synthese&#8217; of het &#8216;Neo-Darwinisme&#8217; integreerde genetica met evolutietheorie. Pas toen, zeventig jaar na Darwins publicatie, werd natuurlijke selectie echt volledig geaccepteerd.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg" width="725.4375" height="483.7910800137363" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:725.4375,&quot;bytes&quot;:4876164,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46U9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2bb9ba-f3b6-42d2-a52a-aec47d10d771_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@cheaousa?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Ousa Chea</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/white-microscope-on-top-of-black-table-gKUC4TMhOiY?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>Kiemen in een wereld van miasma&#8217;s</h2><p>Tot ver in de negentiende eeuw geloofden artsen en wetenschappers dat ziektes werden veroorzaakt door &#8216;miasma&#8217;s&#8217;. Miasma komt uit het Grieks en betekent letterlijk &#8220;bevlekking&#8221; of &#8220;besmetting&#8221;. Men dacht dat er een soort giftige dampen waren die opstegen uit rottend materiaal. Als je in de buurt kwam van riolen, moerassen of lijken, dan ademde je die giftige lucht in en werd je ziek<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a>. De Zwarte Dood, de pest die miljoenen mensen in Europa doodde, werd verklaard uit dit soort schadelijke dampen.</p><p>Tegen die achtergrond kwam in de jaren 1860 een Franse chemicus, Louis Pasteur, met een radicale theorie. Ziekten werden niet veroorzaakt door slechte lucht, maar door microscopisch kleine organismen: bacteri&#235;n. Deze kiemen waren zo klein dat je ze alleen door een microscoop kon zien, maar ze waren overal<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a>. En als ze in je lichaam kwamen, konden ze je ziek maken.</p><p>De weerstand was enorm. Rudolf Virchow, een beroemd Duits patholoog, bespotte Pasteur. Hij zou gezegd hebben dat hij nooit door een microscoop had gekeken en dat ook niet van plan was. Zijn argument tegen de kiemtheorie klonk logisch: &#8220;Als microben verantwoordelijk waren voor ziekten, en ze zijn overal, dan zouden we allemaal ziek zijn.&#8221; Wat Virchow niet begreep, was dat je immuunsysteem de meeste kiemen kan bestrijden en dat alleen specifieke omstandigheden tot ziekte leiden.</p><p>Door heel Europa en ook in de Verenigde Staten werd Pasteurs theorie hevig betwist en uitgedaagd door medische professionals die de veranderingen niet wilden accepteren. Het ging hier om een fundamentele verandering in hoe je geneeskunde beoefende. Als ziektes door kiemen kwamen, moest je instrumenten steriliseren, moest je je handen wassen, moest je pati&#235;nten isoleren. Dat was nogal wat anders dan gewoon zorgen voor frisse lucht.</p><p>Pasteur zelf was geen arts, maar chemicus. Hij was begonnen met het bestuderen van wijnfermentatie en had ontdekt dat micro-organismen voor het fermenteren verantwoordelijk waren. Hij paste die kennis toe op ziektes bij zijderupsen, en later op infectieziekten bij mensen en dieren. Een medisch buitenstaander dus, die vanuit een heel ander vakgebied een medisch probleem oploste.</p><p>Andere wetenschappers voegden stukjes toe aan de puzzel. De Hongaarse arts Ignaz Semmelweis liet zien dat kraamvrouwenkoorts veel minder vaak voorkwam als artsen hun handen wasten. De Engelse arts John Snow traceerde een cholera-uitbraak in Londen terug naar een specifieke waterpomp die vervuild was met rioolwater. De Engelse chirurg Joseph Lister ging instrumenten steriliseren met carbolzuur, en plotseling overleefden veel meer pati&#235;nten operaties.</p><p>Tegen het einde van de negentiende eeuw waren de meeste wetenschappers overtuigd. De Duitse arts Robert Koch formuleerde in 1884 criteria om vast te stellen of een specifieke bacterie een specifieke ziekte veroorzaakt. Hij identificeerde de bacteri&#235;n die verantwoordelijk waren voor anthrax (miltvuur), tuberculose en cholera. De kiemtheorie werd een fundament van de moderne geneeskunde.</p><p>Van miasma&#8217;s naar microben had ongeveer dertig jaar geduurd. Dertig jaar waarin artsen zoals Semmelweis mentaal instortten omdat niemand hen geloofde, waarin pati&#235;nten stierven aan infecties die voorkomen hadden kunnen worden, waarin een nieuwe waarheid vocht tegen oude zekerheden.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:362585,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qtfB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da3feae-ddad-4a14-9b33-47bb10f7c4d2_3840x2160.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@aresbuddhi?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">BUDDHI Kumar SHRESTHA</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-close-up-of-a-human-brain-on-a-white-background-iW_n3MqVVtU?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>Eiwitten die infecties veroorzaken</h2><p>In 1982 deed neuroloog Stanley Prusiner een bewering die veel van wat biologen en medici wisten over infecties op zijn kop zette. Hij had het infectieuze agens (de veroorzaker) ge&#239;soleerd dat de ziekte <em>scrapie</em> veroorzaakt bij schapen. Het bleek geen virus te zijn en ook geen bacterie. Het was een eiwit. Een gewoon eiwit, zonder DNA of RNA.</p><p>Dat was onmogelijk. Het centrale dogma van de moleculaire biologie zegt: informatie gaat van DNA naar RNA naar eiwit. Zo vermenigvuldigen organismen zich, zo &#8216;werkt&#8217; het leven. Een eiwit zonder genetisch materiaal dat zichzelf kan vermenigvuldigen? Dat ging in tegen alles wat bekend was.</p><p>Prusiner noemde dit infectieuze eiwit een &#8216;prion&#8217;, afgeleid van &#8216;<em>proteinaceous infectious particle</em>&#8217; (= &#8220;eiwitachtig ontstekings-stofje&#8221;). Zijn idee was dat een normaal eiwit dat iedereen in zijn lichaam heeft soms de verkeerde vorm aanneemt. Die verkeerde vorm is stabiel en kan andere, normale eiwitten dwingen om ook die verkeerde vorm aan te nemen. Als een soort domino-effect. En die fout gevouwen eiwitten hopen zich op in je hersenen en veroorzaken dodelijke ziektes als gekke koeienziekte en de variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob bij mensen.</p><p>De wetenschappelijke wereld reageerde met enorm scepticisme. Prusiner werd tegengesproken en bespot. Gedurende twee decennia onderging hij de hoon van zijn collega&#8217;s. Ook vooraanstaande wetenschappers als David Baltimore, zelf een Nobelprijswinnaar, behoorden tot de twijfelaars. Sommige wetenschappers bleven volhouden dat er een onontdekt virus in het spel moest zijn. Een eiwit alleen kon gewoon geen ziekte overdragen.</p><p>Maar Prusiner hield vol. Hij identificeerde het specifieke eiwit en toonde aan dat het in twee vormen voorkwam: een normale variant die iedereen heeft, en een ziekmaker die in een andere vorm gevouwen was. Hij deed experimenten die aantoonden dat prionen bestand waren tegen behandelingen die normaal virussen en bacteri&#235;n doden, zoals bestraling die DNA beschadigt. Dit wees erop dat het geen virus was, maar een eiwit, zij het een buitengewoon stabiel gevouwen eiwit dat zelfs resistent was tegen de meeste methoden die normaal eiwitten afbreken.</p><p>In de jaren negentig brak de gekke-koeienziekte-epidemie uit in Groot-Brittanni&#235;. Duizenden koeien werden ziek en moesten worden gedood. Erger nog: mensen die besmet vlees hadden gegeten, ontwikkelden een variant van Creutzfeldt-Jakob. Plotseling was het niet meer een theoretische discussie, maar een re&#235;el volksgezondheidsprobleem.</p><p>Het tij keerde. Meer en meer wetenschappers concludeerden dat Prusiner wel eens gelijk zou kunnen hebben. In 1997, vijftien jaar na zijn eerste publicatie, kreeg hij de Nobelprijs.</p><h2>Wat deze verhalen gemeen hebben</h2><p>Als je al deze voorbeelden naast elkaar legt, zie je een aantal patronen.</p><p><strong>Ten eerste:</strong> geen van deze wetenschappers kon bij de eerste publicatie het complete verhaal vertellen. Marshall (van de maagzweer) had geen gerandomiseerde trials gedaan. Wegener wist niet h&#243;e continenten bewogen. Darwin begreep niet hoe eigenschappen werden doorgegeven. Pasteur kon nog niet vaststellen welke specifieke bacterie welke ziekte veroorzaakte. Prusiner kon niet elk detail van prion-vermenigvuldiging uitleggen.</p><p>Maar het gebrek aan een compleet mechanisme bleek geen reden om de hele theorie te verwerpen. Later onderzoek en kennisontwikkeling vulden de gaten op. Bij Wegener bleek de oceanografie de sleutel. Bij Darwin was het de genetica. Bij Pasteur de microbiologie. Bij Marshall klinische trials met antibiotica. Bij Prusiner structuurbiologie van eiwitten.</p><p><strong>Ten tweede:</strong> al deze theorie&#235;n gingen dwars tegen gevestigde overtuigingen in. Continenten bewogen niet, dat wist iedereen. Soorten waren onveranderlijk geschapen. Ziekten kwamen van slechte lucht. Maagzweren van stress. Besmettelijke ziekten kwamen van virussen of bacteri&#235;n, altijd met DNA of RNA. Deze idee&#235;n vormden de paradigma&#8217;s van hun tijd &#8211; het wereldbeeld waarop wetenschappers hun onderzoek baseerden; het was de stevig verankerde wetenschappelijke consensus.</p><p><strong>Ten derde:</strong> de wetenschappers werden vaak niet serieus genomen, omdat ze &#8216;buitenstaanders&#8217; waren. Wegener was meteoroloog, geen geoloog. Darwin was naturalist zonder formele wetenschappelijke positie &#8211; dus eigenlijk een amateur &#8211; en geen gevestigd geleerde aan een universiteit. Pasteur was chemicus, geen arts. Marshall was internist (gastro-enteroloog), geen microbioloog. Prusiner was neuroloog, geen moleculair bioloog of biochemicus. Dat ze vanuit een ander vakgebied kwamen, werd tegen hen gebruikt. Ze konden de fijne kneepjes van het vak niet begrijpen.</p><p>Maar juist dat <em>buitenstaander-zijn</em> gaf hen een voordeel: ze zagen verbanden die specialisten over het hoofd zagen. Wegener combineerde geografie, paleontologie en klimatologie. Darwin bracht biologie en geologie samen. Pasteur paste chemische kennis toe op medische vraagstukken. Marshall verbond klinische observaties met microbiologie. Prusiner bracht neurologie en biochemie bij elkaar. Ze keken over de schutting van hun eigen vakgebied en zagen een groter plaatje.</p><p>Het is niet te voorkomen dat je een buitenstaander bent als je een theorie publiceert die meerdere vakgebieden omvat. Het verklaart ook een belangrijk deel van de hevige weerstanden: domeinoverstijgende theorie&#235;n worden door elk vakgebied op hun zwakste punten beoordeeld.</p><h2>Het probleem van domeinen overstijgen</h2><p>Dat laatste punt &#8211; het domeinoverstijgende karakter &#8211; verdient nadere uitwerking, want het verklaart veel van de weerstand.<br>Wetenschappelijke vakgebieden zijn als landen met een eigen taal, cultuur en (al dan niet geschreven) wetten. Geologen hanteren andere methoden dan biologen. Anatomen kijken anders naar de wereld dan psychologen. Elke discipline heeft zijn eigen standaarden voor wat als bewijs geldt, zijn eigen tijdschriften, zijn eigen experts die bepalen wat publiceerbaar is.</p><p>Als je een theorie ontwikkelt die binnen &#233;&#233;n vakgebied past, wordt je werk beoordeeld door experts in dat betreffende veld. Ze kijken naar je methoden, je data, je redeneringen. Als het goed is, accepteren ze je werk. Als het zwak is, wijzen ze het af. Dat systeem werkt redelijk goed.</p><p>De paradox is dat precies de ogenschijnlijke &#8216;zwakte&#8217; &#8211; het niet thuis zijn in een bepaald vakgebied &#8211; juist de ruimte geeft voor out-of-the-box denken. Een specialist zou bepaalde vragen nooit stellen, omdat ze niet binnen het paradigma van dat veld passen. Een buitenstaander stelt juist die ongemakkelijke vragen.</p><p>Geologen keken naar Wegener en zagen: het mechanisme klopt niet, de krachten zijn te zwak. Dat was waar. Maar ze zagen niet de kracht van de paleontologische en klimatologische aanwijzingen, want dat was niet hun expertise.</p><p>Biologen keken naar Darwin en zagen: het erfelijkheidsmechanisme ontbreekt, de tijdschaal klopt niet. Ook dat was waar. Maar ze misten de geografische en anatomische patronen die Darwin zo overtuigend vond.</p><p>Bij Pasteur was het de klinische geneeskunde. Hij was geen arts, hij had geen pati&#235;nten behandeld. Dat klopte. Medici keken neer op deze chemicus die dacht dat hij hen kon vertellen hoe ziektes werkten. Maar ze zagen niet de kracht van zijn experimentele bewijsvoering.</p><p>Bij Marshall was het het gebrek aan grote klinische studies. E&#233;n zelfexperiment maakt geen wetenschap, zeiden critici. Waar waren de gerandomiseerde trials? Maar zijn microbiologische observaties waren correct, en toen de trials er kwamen, bevestigden die zijn hypothese.</p><p>Bij Prusiner was het de schijnbare onmogelijkheid van eiwitten zonder nucle&#239;nezuur. Dat ging tegen de moleculaire biologie in. Critici bleven zoeken naar verborgen virussen. Maar zijn biochemische werk was minutieus en zorgvuldig.</p><p>En vandaag? Anatomen kijken naar de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagaaltheorie</a> en zien: de anatomie klopt niet precies zoals beschreven. Porges suggereert dat er verschillende vagale systemen zijn die onafhankelijk werken, maar anatomen zien dat de zenuwvezels die het hart vertragen uit verschillende kernen in de hersenstam komen en samenwerken, en niet gescheiden functioneren. Ook dat kan waar zijn. Maar ze zien niet noodzakelijkerwijs de klinische waarde, de therapeutische toepassingen, de verklarende kracht voor traumaresponsen, want dat is niet hun expertiseveld.</p><p>Het probleem is dat niemand het complete plaatje overziet. Elke discipline beoordeelt het werk op de aspecten die hen &#8216;aangaan&#8217; en die zij begrijpen. En als je domeinoverstijgend werkt, is er eigenlijk altijd wel een discipline waar je werk kwetsbaar is. Misschien omdat je inderdaad fouten maakt in dat vakgebied. Misschien omdat je de nieuwste inzichten daar niet kent. Of misschien gewoon omdat je, als generalist, niet de diepte van kennis hebt van een specialist.</p><p>Daarom krijgen domeinoverstijgende theorie&#235;n zo vaak kritiek. Elke discipline ziet de zwakke plekken binnen het eigen domein. En die kritiek kan heel valide zijn. Darwin kende inderdaad geen genetica. Wegener had inderdaad geen mechanisme. Die punten van kritiek waren terecht.</p><p>Maar wat critici vaak missen, is de synthetische kracht van een theorie, oftewel het vermogen om verschillende puzzelstukjes uit verschillende vakgebieden samen te voegen tot een nieuw beeld. Dat is waar de kracht van een domeinoverstijgende theorie zit, en dat is precies wat specialisten niet altijd zien.</p><h2>De rol van tijd en technologie</h2><p>Bij vrijwel alle voorbeelden speelde de tijd een belangrijke rol. Het duurde decennia voordat de theorie&#235;n werden geaccepteerd. Soms omdat nieuwe generaties wetenschappers opgroeiden die niet gehinderd werden door oude overtuigingen. Maar vaak omdat nieuwe technologie&#235;n bewijs leverden dat eerder niet te verzamelen was.</p><p>Wegeners theorie kreeg pas de wind in de zeilen toen sonar-technieken de zeebodem in kaart konden brengen. Toen wetenschappers magnetometers gebruikten om magnetische patronen in zeebodems te meten. Toen seismografen aardbevingen wereldwijd konden traceren. Die technieken bestonden allemaal niet in Wegeners tijd.</p><p>Darwins theorie kreeg bevestiging toen de genetica zich ontwikkelde. Toen microscopen goed genoeg werden om chromosomen te zien. Toen radioactieve dateringen de echte leeftijd van de aarde onthulden. Darwin had die technieken niet.</p><p>De kiemtheorie profiteerde van betere microscopen, van technieken om bacteri&#235;n te kweken, van het ontdekken van virussen toen microscopen nog krachtiger werden.</p><p>Marshalls werk werd bevestigd toen antibiotica beschikbaar kwamen en men kon aantonen dat maagzweren verdwenen als je de bacterie doodde.</p><p>Prusiners werk kreeg steun toen men eiwitten kon zuiveren en hun structuur kon bepalen op moleculair niveau.</p><p>Soms is een idee zijn tijd gewoon vooruit. De tools om het te bewijzen bestaan nog niet. Het raamwerk om het te begrijpen is er nog niet. Daarom kan een theorie decennia moeten wachten voordat de rest van de wetenschap erachteraan komt.</p><h2>Niet elke bekritiseerde theorie wordt gerehabiliteerd</h2><p>Er is nog een belangrijk aspect dat in dit essay thuishoort. Voor elke theorie die de kritiek overleefde en uiteindelijk werd geaccepteerd, zijn er ook velen die kritiek kregen en terecht werden verworpen. Ook die verhalen verdienen aandacht, want ze laten zien dat kritiek een goede reden kan hebben.</p><p>Neem de <em>flogistontheorie</em> uit de achttiende eeuw. Wetenschappers geloofden dat brandbare materialen een substantie bevatten die vrijkwam bij verbranding &#8211; het flogiston. Deze theorie had tientallen jaren aanhangers, werd verdedigd door vooraanstaande chemici en leek een elegante verklaring te bieden voor allerlei verschijnselen: waarom dingen branden, waarom vuur uitgaat in een gesloten ruimte, waarom metalen roesten. Maar er was een probleem: metalen werden zwaarder als ze verbrandden, niet lichter. De theorie moest steeds meer creatieve aanpassingen ondergaan om dit te verklaren, zoals &#8220;negatief flogiston&#8221;. Uiteindelijk maakte Lavoisier&#8217;s zuurstoftheorie de hele constructie overbodig.</p><p>Of denk aan <em>koude kernfusie</em> in 1989. Twee wetenschappers claimden kernfusie bij kamertemperatuur te hebben bereikt &#8211; wat, als dat waar zou zijn, de energiecrisis zou oplossen. De pers was euforisch. Laboratoria over de hele wereld probeerden het te reproduceren. Enkele claimden succes. Maar geleidelijk bleek dat het niet werkte. De oorspronkelijke experimenten berustten op meetfouten en overmoed.</p><p>Of <em>polywater</em> in de jaren zestig en zeventig. Een Russische wetenschapper dacht een nieuwe vorm van water ontdekt te hebben met bizarre eigenschappen. Internationale labs bestudeerden het fenomeen. Er kwamen publicaties, congressen, discussies. Het bleek uiteindelijk gewoon verontreinigd water te zijn.</p><p>Of <em>vitalisme</em>, het idee dat levende wezens een speciale &#8216;levenskracht&#8217; bevatten die hen fundamenteel anders maakt dan dode materie. Deze theorie was populair in de negentiende eeuw en had aanzienlijke wetenschappelijke steun. Maar naarmate biochemie en moleculaire biologie zich ontwikkelden, bleek steeds meer dat levensprocessen gewoon ingewikkelde chemische reacties zijn. Geen speciale kracht nodig.</p><p>Deze theorie&#235;n hadden iets gemeenschappelijks met de voorbeelden die w&#233;l succesvol bleken. Ze werden verdedigd door gerenommeerde wetenschappers. Ze hadden aanhangers &#233;n tegenstanders. Ze kregen hevige kritiek, maar hun voorstanders hielden vol. Ze beloofden revolutionaire inzichten. En toch bleken ze fout.</p><h2>Wat maakt het verschil?</h2><p>Dit is een zinvolle vraag, met name als we verderop nader naar de polyvagaaltheorie gaan kijken. Als je midden in zo&#8217;n wetenschappelijke strijd zit, hoe weet je dan of je een Darwin bent of een flogiston-verdediger? Achteraf is het makkelijk te zien, maar tijdens het proces?</p><p>Er zijn wel patronen te onderscheiden, maar deze geven uiteraard geen garanties. Flogiston vereiste steeds meer ingewikkelde aannames om waarnemingen te verklaren. Koude fusie kon niet consistent worden gereproduceerd. Polywater verdween zodra men met meer zorgvuldigheid werkte. Vitalisme werd steeds meer overbodig naarmate de wetenschap vorderde. Deze theorie&#235;n werden niet alleen verworpen door nieuwe inzichten, maar erodeerden vooral doordat ze hun beloftes niet waarmaakten.</p><p>De theorie&#235;n die w&#233;l overeind bleven &#8211; evolutie, platentektoniek, kiemtheorie, prionen &#8211; hadden een andere dynamiek. Ze startten ruw en onvolledig, maar werden robuuster naarmate er meer onderzoek kwam. Ze voorspelden zaken die later werden bevestigd. Ze openden vruchtbare onderzoekslijnen. Ze convergeerden met bewijs uit steeds meer disciplines en domeinen, in plaats van te divergeren.</p><p>Darwin voorspelde overgangsvormen die decennia later werden gevonden. Wegeners continentale drift kreeg steun vanuit de oceanografie, seismologie en het paleo-magnetisme &#8211; totaal verschillende vakgebieden die onafhankelijk dezelfde conclusie ondersteunden. Pasteurs kiemtheorie leidde tot antisepsis, vaccinatie, antibiotica &#8211; praktische toepassingen die werkten. Prusiners prionen verklaarden steeds meer ziektes naarmate de moleculaire biologie vorderde.</p><p>Het verschil zit dus niet in de hoeveelheid kritiek, of in hoe lang een theorie standhoudt tegen weerstand. Het verschil zit in wat er gebeurt als je blijft onderzoeken. Groeien de problemen of lossen ze op? Worden de verklaringen ingewikkelder of eenvoudiger? Vloeien de verschillende onderzoekslijnen naar dezelfde conclusie of wijzen ze verschillende kanten op?</p><p>Voor domeinoverstijgende theorie&#235;n komt daar nog iets bij. De theorie&#235;n die overleefden &#8211; evolutie, platentektoniek, kiemtheorie &#8211; werden uiteindelijk sterker door interdisciplinair onderzoek. Biologen werkten samen met geologen, chemici met artsen en neurologen met biochemici; de disciplines versterkten elkaar, vulden elkaars gaten op. Bij de theorie&#235;n die verdwenen, zoals vitalisme of de ethertheorie, gebeurde het omgekeerde: naarmate disciplines zich ontwikkelden, maakten ze de theorie steeds meer overbodig.</p><p>Dit is misschien het belangrijkste onderscheid. Een houdbare domeinoverstijgende theorie cre&#235;ert bruggen tussen vakgebieden die blijven staan, ook als details worden aangepast. Ze openen nieuwe onderzoeksgebieden, stellen nieuwe vragen en leiden tot productieve samenwerkingen. Slechte domeinoverstijgende theorie&#235;n vullen alleen tijdelijke gaten in kennis, en verdwijnen zodra die gaten op andere manieren worden opgevuld.</p><p>Maar ook dit zijn criteria die je vooral achteraf kunt toepassen. Tijdens het proces zelf is het onderscheid vaak niet scherp. Daarom is wetenschappelijke scepsis zo waardevol: het zorgt dat alleen theorie&#235;n overleven die bestand zijn tegen voortdurende toetsing.</p><h2>De polyvagaaltheorie in perspectief</h2><p>Tegen deze achtergrond is het interessant om naar de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagaaltheorie</a> te kijken. Deze theorie, ontwikkeld door Stephen Porges, die er vanaf de jaren zeventig aan werkte en de theorie in 1994 formeel introduceerde, probeert te verklaren hoe ons autonome zenuwstelsel reageert op veiligheid en gevaar, en hoe dit sociaal gedrag en emoties be&#239;nvloedt.</p><p>De theorie combineert neurobiologie, evolutiebiologie, psychologie, psychiatrie en traumatherapie. Het is bij uitstek een domeinoverstijgende theorie. En net als de historische voorbeelden krijgt de theorie kritiek vanuit verschillende hoeken.</p><p>Anatomen en neurowetenschappers wijzen op anatomische details die niet kloppen. Het &#8216;ventrale vagale complex&#8217; zoals Porges het beschrijft, zou niet als aparte anatomische entiteit bestaan. Claims over unieke zoogdier-innovaties met betrekking tot de functie van de nervus vagus worden betwist. De details over welke vezels waar naartoe gaan, lijken niet altijd te kloppen met wat anatomie laat zien.</p><p>Die kritiek is belangrijk en moet serieus worden genomen. Als de anatomische basis van een theorie niet klopt, is dat een re&#235;el probleem.</p><p>Maar tegelijkertijd zien therapeuten, psychologen en andere professionals grote waarde in de theorie. De concepten neuroceptie (onbewuste detectie van veiligheid of gevaar), van een hi&#235;rarchie in stressresponsen en van de verbinding tussen autonome regulatie en sociaal gedrag blijken klinisch erg nuttig. Traumabehandelingen zijn erdoor be&#239;nvloed. Het begrijpen van autisme, angststoornissen en PTSS heeft er baat bij gehad.</p><p>Zo ontstaat een spanningsveld tussen wetenschap en praktijk. Verschillende disciplines zien verschillende dingen. Anatomen zien anatomische fouten. Therapeuten zien therapeutische waarde. Beide observaties kunnen waar zijn.</p><p>We weten feitelijk niet hoe het verhaal af gaat lopen. De polyvagaaltheorie is nog niet af; dat betwist Porges niet. Hij is bereid zijn theorie aan te passen, reageert op kritiek, verfijnt zijn claims. De wetenschappelijke discussie is gaande. En dat is het verschil met onze historische voorbeelden: wij kijken met de wijsheid achteraf. We weten hoe hun verhalen afliepen. Bij de polyvagaaltheorie zijn we nog in het proces.</p><p>Misschien volgt deze theorie hetzelfde pad als de evolutietheorie en platentektoniek: een grote kern van waarheid die aanvankelijk nog ruw en onnauwkeurig is, maar geleidelijk wordt verfijnd en geaccepteerd. Misschien blijkt over vijftig jaar dat Porges in essentie gelijk had, ook al moesten details worden aangepast. De theorie opent inmiddels wel vruchtbare onderzoekslijnen, krijgt steun vanuit verschillende therapeutische stromingen en lijkt praktische waarde te hebben &#8211; allemaal kenmerken die de succesvolle theorie&#235;n ook vertoonden. Misschien wordt een verfijnde, completere theorie over het autonome zenuwstelsel ontwikkeld die bepaalde inzichten van Porges integreert.</p><p>We weten het simpelweg niet. De geschiedenis van de wetenschap leert ons niet dat elke domeinoverstijgende theorie die kritiek krijgt, uiteindelijk gelijk krijgt. Het leert ons dat zulke theorie&#235;n op een speciale manier beoordeeld moeten worden, en dat het proces van acceptatie of verwerping complex en langdurig kan zijn.</p><p>Wat we wel weten, is dat Stephen W. Porges meer dan 400 artikelen over de PVT heeft gepubliceerd<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a>. Het gaat hier niet om &#8216;ongefundeerde&#8217; wetenschappelijke claims. Zijn werk is een prachtige <em>transdisciplinaire synthese</em>, die nog onvolledig is, en dat beseft Porges zelf ook. </p><p>Zoals Porges zelf beschrijft<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a>:</p><blockquote><p>De polyvagaaltheorie ontstond vanuit mijn pogingen om psychologische processen en het autonome zenuwstelsel met elkaar te verbinden. Daarbij putte ik uit de neurofysiologie, neuroanatomie, klinische geneeskunde en onderzoek naar brein-lichaamsverbindingen vanuit verschillende disciplines. Het ontwikkelen van deze theorie maakte een fundamenteel probleem in de hedendaagse wetenschap zichtbaar: disciplinaire schotten beperken vaak de samenwerking en integratie van kennis, omdat gespecialiseerde methoden en jargon de uitwisseling van idee&#235;n kunnen belemmeren. Wanneer onderzoek ge&#239;soleerd blijft, wordt het lastiger om ons collectieve begrip vooruit te helpen. Dit artikel onderzoekt hoe de PVT zich heeft ontwikkeld en formuleert de kernprincipes, met bijzondere aandacht voor de dialoog met collega&#8217;s die niet vertrouwd zijn met de fundamentele literatuur van de theorie. Het overbruggen van zulke kloven vraagt niet alleen om het delen van kennis, maar ook om openheid voor nieuwe perspectieven, intellectuele flexibiliteit en nieuwsgierigheid naar idee&#235;n die gevestigde aannames uitdagen.</p></blockquote><h2>Wat kunnen we hiervan leren?</h2><p>Een belangrijke les lijkt te zijn dat er in de wetenschap altijd een spanningsveld is tussen specialisme en synthese. Maar we hebben beide nodig. We hebben experts nodig die elk detail van hun vakgebied kennen, die fouten kunnen spotten, die standaarden handhaven. Zonder hen zou wetenschap vervallen in speculatie en fantasie.</p><p>Maar we hebben ook generalisten nodig die verbanden leggen tussen vakgebieden, die nieuwe vragen stellen, die out-of-the-box durven denken. Zonder hen zou wetenschap vastlopen in steeds nauwere specialisaties die niet meer met elkaar communiceren. Met als uiterste vorm dat er straks een specialist is die alles weet van niets &#8230;</p><p>Wat we zien is dat deze twee soorten wetenschappers vaak botsen. De specialist ziet de fouten, de onnauwkeurigheden, het gebrek aan diepgang. De generalist ziet de nieuwe verbanden, de synthetische kracht, het grotere plaatje. En beide hebben deels gelijk.</p><p>Een tweede les is dat tijd en geduld van belang zijn. Wegeners theorie had vijftig jaar nodig. Darwins visie zeventig jaar. Echt inzicht en diepe kennis kosten blijkbaar tijd. Nieuwe generaties moeten afstuderen zonder de oude vooroordelen. Nieuwe technieken moeten worden ontwikkeld. Puzzelstukjes uit verschillende velden moeten samenkomen.</p><p>Een derde les is dat kritiek waardevol is, ook als die uiteindelijk ongegrond blijkt. De kritiek op Darwin dwong evolutiebiologen om beter te worden, om genetica te ontwikkelen, om fossiel bewijsmateriaal zorgvuldiger te bestuderen. De kritiek op Wegener dwong geologen om de zeebodem te onderzoeken, om mechanismen te ontdekken. Kritiek scherpt theorie&#235;n, waardoor die theorie&#235;n misschien overeind blijven.</p><p>En ondanks al deze lessen dienen we voorzichtig te zijn met historische analogie&#235;n. Dat Wegener gelijk kreeg, betekent niet dat elke wetenschapper die kritiek krijgt, gelijk zal krijgen. Dat Marshall een Nobelprijs won na jaren van spot, betekent niet dat elke verworpen theorie wordt gerehabiliteerd. Flogiston, koude fusie, polywater en vitalisme herinneren ons eraan dat de bekritiseerde theorie&#235;n terecht kunnen worden bekritiseerd.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3934621,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/189592277?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SMBC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5dd9c4c-12b8-4a58-97ea-14b7a2fe3041_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@detait?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">detait</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-large-library-filled-with-lots-of-books-A1_rJmm6hz8?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>Een rommelig proces</h2><p>Er zijn idee&#235;n die te vroeg komen en sterven voordat hun tijd aanbreekt. Er zijn wetenschappers die hun leven wijden aan een theorie die fout blijkt. Semmelweis eindigde zijn leven in een psychiatrische inrichting, gebroken omdat niemand zijn handenwas-hypothese serieus nam.</p><p>Wetenschap voorbij de grenzen van domeinen is niet makkelijk, zowel voor de theorie als voor de wetenschapper. Het levert vaak kritiek op; het vereist een speciale manier van evalueren, die verder kijkt dan de zwakke plekken in individuele vakgebieden en aandacht heeft voor de synthetische kracht van het geheel.</p><p>Maar we moeten beseffen dat we het verleden niet kunnen gebruiken om het heden te rechtvaardigen. Dat Wegener uiteindelijk gelijk kreeg, zegt niets over of een huidige theorie gelijk zal krijgen. Elke theorie moet op haar eigen merites worden beoordeeld, met genuanceerde kritiek, met aandacht voor zowel zwakheden als sterke punten.</p><p>De verhalen van deze wetenschappers leren ons vooral dit: wees open voor nieuwe idee&#235;n, maar ook kritisch. Verwerp niet te snel, maar accepteer ook niet te gemakkelijk. Let op de criteria die succesvolle theorie&#235;n onderscheiden van mislukkingen: convergentie van bewijs, voorspellende kracht, vruchtbare onderzoeksprogramma&#8217;s, praktische toepassingen die werken. En realiseer je dat wetenschap een proces is dat zich over decennia uitstrekt, met veel onzekerheid en weinig garanties.</p><h2>Tot slot</h2><p>Kunnen we nu iets zinnigs zeggen over de polyvagaaltheorie? Ik denk het wel.</p><p>Als we kijken naar de criteria die succesvolle theorie&#235;n onderscheiden van mislukkingen, zien we misschien patronen die we bij de polyvagaaltheorie herkennen. Zo opent de polyvagaaltheorie vruchtbare onderzoekslijnen: van de microbioom-darm-hersenas (&#8220;gut-brain axis&#8221;) tot parasympathische biofeedback, van onderzoek naar sociale signalen tot studies naar lichaamsgerichte interventies. Ze krijgt steun vanuit verschillende disciplines: niet alleen psychotherapie, maar ook onderwijskunde, perinatale zorg, verslavingszorg en autismebegeleiding passen de inzichten toe.</p><p>Er zijn praktische toepassingen die in de praktijk blijken te werken: traumasensitieve zorg in ziekenhuizen en GGZ, regulatie-interventies in het onderwijs, begeleiding bij ontwikkelingstrauma. Het model van Porges dient als fysiologische verklaring voor het succes van verschillende lichaamsgerichte traumatherapie&#235;n, waaronder <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/stress-en-traumarelease">Somatic Experiencing</a>&#174;.</p><p>En de theorie wordt robuuster naarmate er meer onderzoek komt: Porges blijft reageren op kritiek en publiceert nog steeds; dat is hoe wetenschap hoort te werken. Het is ook precies het patroon dat we zagen bij Darwin, Wegener en veel van de andere genoemde wetenschappers: een ruw begin dat geleidelijk wordt verfijnd, niet een rigide constructie die bij de eerste tegenwind instort.</p><p>De kritiek die er is, bevat elementen waar zeker nog naar gekeken moet worden; ik zal daar de komende tijd over schrijven. Maar dat is wat mij betreft geen reden om het kind met het badwater weg te gooien. </p><p>Iets voor een volgend essay is dat de wijze waarop de polyvagaaltheorie kritiek krijgt geen schoonheidsprijs verdient &#8211; het doet meer denken aan de verhitte debatten in Darwins tijd dan aan een genuanceerde wetenschappelijke uitwisseling. </p><p>De vraag is niet of elk anatomisch detail klopt &#8211; Darwin kende ook geen genetica, Wegener had geen verklarend mechanisme. De vraag is of de theorie vruchtbaar genoeg is om ons begrip verder te brengen, of verschillende vakgebieden bij elkaar worden gebracht op een manier die standhoudt. Van dat laatste ben ik overtuigd. De <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagaaltheorie</a> heeft mij meer inzicht gegeven in de verbinding tussen lichaam, emotie en gedrag dan welke theorie ook die ik de afgelopen decennia ben tegengekomen.</p><p>Of over vijftig jaar de theorie van Porges er nog precies zo uitziet als nu? Waarschijnlijk niet. Maar dat gold ook voor Darwins evolutietheorie.</p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Als je dit artikel lezenswaardig vond en (nog) geen betaald abonnement wilt, mag je me ook ondersteunen door me te trakteren op een cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Theodosius Dobzhansky is een Oekra&#239;ens-Amerikaans evolutionair bioloog die in de jaren 60 een beroemde uitspraak deed: <em>&#8220;Niets in de biologie heeft betekenis behalve in het licht van evolutie.&#8221; </em>Een uitspraak die direct bij me resoneerde en mijn belangstelling nog verder aanwakkerde.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Zie de foto bovenaan &#8230;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Full disclosure: Als co-voorzitter van het <a href="https://polyvagaalinstituut.nl/">Polyvagaal Instituut Nederland</a> ben ik een uitgesproken &#8220;aanhanger&#8221; van de polyvagaaltheorie. Ik vind het een prachtige theorie, die verrijkend is en waarvan ik denk dat hij belangrijke consequenties zou mogen hebben in hoe we onze maatschappij inrichten. Ik <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/van-gedragsmanagement-naar-co-regulatie">schreef</a> daar op <strong>relaxmore.net</strong> al <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/waarom-de-polyvagaaltheorie-juist-nu-belangrijk-is">meerdere malen</a> over.<br>Ik ben echter ook een &#8220;waarheidszoeker&#8221;, dus het is niet mijn intentie om met dit artikel de suggestie te wekken dat het zonder verder onderzoek of discussie wel goed komt met die polyvagaaltheorie. Nee, als we werkelijk de inrichting van onze maatschappij laten be&#239;nvloeden door een theorie, dan mag die theorie wel goed in elkaar zitten. <br>Ik heb er alle vertrouwen in dat dat goed gaat komen, maar er moet nog wel een en ander gebeuren.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Nu was Darwin niet de eerste en de enige die over evolutie schreef in die tijd; anderen &#8211; waaronder zijn opa Erasmus Darwin &#8211; hadden al wat &#8220;masseerwerk&#8221; vooraf gedaan. Maar goed, dat is weer een heel ander verhaal &#8230;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ironisch is dat nog tijdens Darwins leven de Oostenrijkse monnik Gregor Mendel al zijn werk over erfelijkheid publiceerde, en het schijnt zelfs dat Darwin een exemplaar in zijn boekenkast had staan, maar nooit aan het lezen ervan is toegekomen.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Het verval van radioactieve elementen in de aardkorst (uranium, thorium, kalium-40) produceert voortdurend nieuwe warmte;<strong> </strong>dat was in Kelvin&#8217;s tijd (1860-1890) volledig onbekend.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Interessant detail: het woord miasma wordt in het Engels nog steeds gebruikt in figuurlijke zin voor &#8220;een verstikkende of besmettende invloed&#8221;, bijvoorbeeld in &#8220;a miasma of corruption&#8221; (een sfeer van corruptie).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Bacteri&#235;n waren al in de 17e eeuw gezien, maar men begreep hun rol in ziektes niet. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek zag in 1676 als eerste bacteri&#235;n door zijn microscoop en noemde ze &#8220;dierkens&#8221; of &#8220;animalcules&#8221;.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Binnenkort meer hierover.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Bron: <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/behavioral-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1659083/full#s1">https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/behavioral-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1659083/full#s1</a></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Connected in Sound]]></title><description><![CDATA[Music, expectations, and our shared humanity. Pentatonic music sounds open, harmonious, and calming. There is essentially no wrong note: any combination of the five tones sounds good.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/connected-in-sound</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/connected-in-sound</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 07:08:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg" width="1200" height="800.2747252747253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:1592868,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/141098790?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@pemmax?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Przemyslaw Marczynski</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/red-and-grey-vinyl-player-awFECvLfXqA?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Around session four or five of the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/compassie">compassion</a> training, I would often show the video below. It still moves me every single time. It is about sound and expectation&#8212;but for me it is above all about connectedness and our shared humanity, a central theme in compassion training.</p><p>In the video, Bobby McFerrin gives a whole new dimension to the phrase &#8216;playing the audience&#8217;&#8230; &#128516; Watch and join in:</p><div id="youtube2-ne6tB2KiZuk" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;ne6tB2KiZuk&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ne6tB2KiZuk?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>You can look at it, as usual, from multiple angles. The neurological perspective is fascinating: which neurons fire, and which brain regions are active? Interesting as that is, it is not what matters most to me. I do not <em>feel</em> neurons firing. I notice nothing of the activity apparently taking place in my brain.</p><p>What I do notice is this: hearing the melody brings with it a kind of recognition. It stays with you. When I show the video to people I know, they too often recognize the little tune as something like a primal melody. And what also strikes me: there is not a single wrong note. It works perfectly the first time, and it sounds relaxed.</p><h2>The pentatonic scale: music everyone already knows</h2><p>What McFerrin uses is the pentatonic scale: a scale with just five notes (penta = 5). That sounds simple, and in a way it is. But that simplicity is precisely its strength.</p><p>The pentatonic scale contains no so-called &#8216;tension&#8217; intervals&#8212;the semitone steps that in Western music create tension and rest. As a result, pentatonic music sounds open, harmonious, and calming. There is essentially no wrong note: any combination of the five tones sounds good. Musicians sometimes call it a &#8216;safe&#8217; scale.</p><p>And what is remarkable is that this scale appears in virtually every culture on earth, independently of one another. From the Scottish Highlands to Chinese classical music, from West African sounds to the blues, from Andean music to Japanese folk songs&#8212;the pentatonic scale is everywhere.</p><h2>A universal musical language</h2><p>How can a scale be so universal? Music scientists and cognitive researchers suggest that one possible explanation is that the pentatonic scale closely aligns with the natural overtone series&#8212;the acoustic structure that arises whenever a tone sounds. Our ears and brains are naturally sensitive to these proportions. The pentatonic scale &#8216;fits&#8217;, as it were, the way we humans perceive sound<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>.</p><p>This may also explain why children around the world spontaneously sing pentatonic melodies when they play. It is not a learned structure, but something that arises naturally. Neuropsychologist Stefan Koelsch describes it as a &#8216;biological priming&#8217; for certain musical patterns&#8212;a kind of factory setting.</p><p>McFerrin demonstrates this brilliantly in his experiment. He gives the audience one note, then two, then moves to a third spot on the stage. The audience sings the next note&#8212;one they have never heard&#8212;immediately and perfectly. Not just this audience: he has done this experiment all over the world, and it always works: &#8220;Every audience gets this.&#8221;</p><h2>Indigenous peoples and the power of shared sound</h2><p>Anyone who listens to the music of indigenous peoples will notice something: music there is rarely an individual affair. Among the San people of the Kalahari, healing rituals are sometimes collective singing and dancing sessions lasting many hours. For Aboriginal Australians, the &#8216;songline&#8217; connects generations and landscapes. In the Andes, making music and singing together is an everyday social activity.</p><p>In all these traditions, music serves a function that goes beyond entertainment: it regulates the group. It brings people into a state of shared presence. Music as social glue, as a medium for <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/co-regulatie">co-regulation</a>.</p><p>It is striking that many of these traditions make use of&#8212;you guessed it&#8212;pentatonic or similarly simple tonal structures. I do not believe this is because they could not make more complex music, but rather because these sounds touch something deeper, something that does not need to be learned.</p><h2>A polyvagal perspective: safety is something you can hear</h2><p>Stephen Porges&#8217; <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagal theory</a> offers an interesting lens through which to understand this. Our nervous system is&#8212;so the theory holds&#8212;constantly scanning for signals of safety or danger. It does this not only through sight or smell, but also through sound. Porges calls this <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/neuroceptie">neuroception</a>: an unconscious scanning of the environment. Indeed, sound (&#8216;acoustic stimuli&#8217;) appears to be of great importance for safe neuroception.</p><p>As social mammals, we are specifically sensitive to vocal signals within a particular frequency range&#8212;the range of the human voice, of what is called prosodic, melodic communication. When our nervous system picks up such sounds, it interprets them as a signal of safety. The ventral vagal system&#8212;the system that enables social connection and relaxation&#8212;comes online.</p><p>Pentatonic music fits remarkably well into this picture. The gentle, harmonious intervals, the absence of sharp dissonances, and the rhythmic and melodic character&#8212;these are precisely the features that our nervous system recognizes as &#8216;safe&#8217;.</p><p>And there is more. When people make music together&#8212;and especially when they sing together&#8212;not only do their voices synchronize, but also their physiology. Heart rate, breathing, and even autonomic activation move towards alignment. Co-regulation through sound. Exactly what you hear happening in that hall with McFerrin: an entire audience, without any rehearsal, creating something beautiful together and audibly enjoying it.</p><h2>More than 99.99% the same</h2><p>We are genetically 99.99% identical to one another. We all have a brain that works in more or less the same way. And we have, as McFerrin&#8217;s experiment suggests, perhaps also a shared musical intuition that transcends culture, language, and time.</p><p>That is a beautiful thought, and it touches on something fundamental: music is not a luxury, not a side matter. It is one of the oldest and most powerful means people have to relate to one another, to regulate together, and to signal and receive safety.</p><p><em>Perhaps we underestimate the importance of music for our well-being&#8212;in education, in healthcare, and in our daily lives. While the answer turns out to be simpler than we might think: five notes, a hall full of strangers, and the recognition that, deep down, we are all the same.</em></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>If you found this article worth reading and (not yet) feel like getting a paid subscription, you can always treat me to a cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, I'll buy you a cappuccino!</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>A beautiful quote from Leonard Bernstein: &#8220;The universality of this scale is so well known that I&#8217;m sure you could give me examples of it from all corners of the earth&#8212;from Scotland, from China, from Africa, from American Indian cultures, from East Indian cultures, from Central and South America, Australia, Finland... that is a true musico-linguistic universal.&#8221;</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Verbonden in klanken]]></title><description><![CDATA[Wanneer mensen samen muziek maken &#8211; en zeker wanneer ze samen zingen &#8211; synchroniseren niet alleen hun stemmen, maar ook hun fysiologie.]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/verbonden-in-klanken</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/verbonden-in-klanken</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 06:15:13 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg" width="1200" height="800.2747252747253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:1592868,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/141098790?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh8W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3d1fbf-4127-4347-b5d2-ef6687b70522_3595x2397.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@pemmax?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Przemyslaw Marczynski</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/red-and-grey-vinyl-player-awFECvLfXqA?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Do you prefer the <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/connected-in-sound">English version</a>?</em></p><p>Rond sessie vier of vijf in de <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/compassie">compassietraining</a> liet ik vaak onderstaand filmpje zien. Het raakt me nog steeds, iedere keer opnieuw. Het gaat over klank en verwachting, maar voor mij gaat het bovenal over verbondenheid en over onze gedeelde menselijkheid (een belangrijk onderdeel in de compassietraining).</p><p>Bobby McFerrin geeft in het filmpje een heel nieuwe dimensie aan het begrip &#8216;het publiek bespelen&#8217;&#8230; &#128516;, kijk maar en doe mee:</p><div id="youtube2-ne6tB2KiZuk" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;ne6tB2KiZuk&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ne6tB2KiZuk?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>Je kunt er, zoals meestal, op meerdere manieren naar kijken. De neurologische manier is boeiend: welke neuronen schakelen, welke hersengebieden zijn actief? Hoewel heel interessant, het is voor mij niet het belangrijkste. Ik <em>voel</em> niet dat er neuronen vuren. Ik merk niets van de activiteiten die in mijn brein plaatsvinden.</p><p>Wat ik <em>wel</em> merk: het horen van de melodie brengt een soort herkenning met zich mee. Hij blijft hangen. Als ik het filmpje aan bekenden laat zien, herkennen zij, net als ik, het deuntje vaak als een soort oermelodie. En wat me ook opvalt: er is geen valse toon. Het gaat in &#233;&#233;n keer helemaal goed, en het klinkt ook nog eens ontspannen.</p><h2>De <em>pentatone</em> schaal: muziek die iedereen al kent</h2><p>Wat McFerrin gebruikt, is de pentatone toonladder: een toonladder met slechts vijf tonen (penta = 5). Dat klinkt eenvoudig, en eigenlijk is het dat ook. Deze eenvoud is tegelijk haar kracht.</p><p>De pentatone schaal bevat geen zogenaamde &#8216;spanning&#8217;-intervallen; de halve toonafstanden die in westerse muziek spanning en rust cre&#235;ren. Daardoor klinkt pentatone muziek open, harmonisch en rustgevend. Er kan eigenlijk geen valse noot gespeeld worden: elke combinatie van de vijf tonen klinkt goed. Muzikanten noemen dit ook wel een &#8216;veilige&#8217; schaal.</p><p>En het bijzondere is dat deze schaal in vrijwel elke cultuur op aarde opduikt, onafhankelijk van elkaar. Van de Schotse Hooglanden tot de Chinese klassieke muziek, van West-Afrikaanse klanken tot de blues, van Andesmuziek tot Japanse volksliederen &#8211; de pentatone schaal is overal.</p><h2>Een universele muzikale taal</h2><p>Hoe kan een toonladder zo universeel zijn? Muziekwetenschappers en cognitief wetenschappers denken dat een mogelijke verklaring is dat de pentatone schaal nauw aansluit bij de natuurlijke boventoonreeks &#8211; de akoestische structuur die ontstaat wanneer een toon klinkt. Onze oren en hersenen zijn van nature gevoelig voor deze verhoudingen. De pentatone schaal &#8216;past&#8217; als het ware bij hoe wij mensen geluid waarnemen<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>.</p><p>Dat verklaart ook waarom kinderen over de hele wereld spontaan pentatone melodietjes zingen als ze spelen. Het is geen aangeleerde structuur, maar iets dat vanzelf naar boven komt. Neuropsycholoog Stefan Koelsch omschrijft het als een &#8216;biologische priming&#8217; voor bepaalde muzikale patronen &#8211; een soort fabrieksinstelling.</p><p>McFerrin toont dit in zijn experiment op schitterende wijze. Hij geeft het publiek &#233;&#233;n toon, dan twee, en beweegt vervolgens naar een derde plek op het podium. Het publiek zingt de volgende toon &#8211; die ze nooit gehoord hebben &#8211; direct perfect mee. Niet alleen dit publiek: hij heeft dit experiment over de hele wereld gedaan, en het werkt altijd: &#8220;Every audience gets this&#8221;. </p><h2>Natuurvolken en de kracht van gezamenlijke klank</h2><p>Wie naar de muziek van inheemse volken luistert, valt iets op: muziek is daar zelden een individuele aangelegenheid. Bij de San-mensen van de Kalahari zijn genezingen soms collectieve zang- en danssessies die uren duren. Bij Aboriginal Australi&#235;rs verbindt de &#8216;songline&#8217; generaties en landschappen met elkaar. In de Andes is muziek maken en zingen in groep een dagelijkse sociale bezigheid.</p><p>In al deze tradities heeft muziek een functie die verder gaat dan entertainment: het reguleert de groep. Het brengt mensen in een toestand van gedeelde aanwezigheid. Muziek als sociaal bindmiddel, als medium voor <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/co-regulatie">co-regulatie</a>.</p><p>Het is opvallend dat veel van deze tradities gebruikmaken van &#8211; je raadt het al &#8211; pentatone of vergelijkbare eenvoudige toonstructuren. Ik geloof niet omdat men geen complexere muziek kan maken, maar vooral omdat deze klanken iets diepers raken, iets wat niet aangeleerd hoeft te worden.</p><h2>Een polyvagale blik: veiligheid kun je horen</h2><p>De <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaaltheorie">polyvagaaltheorie</a> van Stephen Porges biedt een interessante lens om dit te begrijpen. Ons zenuwstelsel is &#8211; zo stelt de theorie &#8211; voortdurend op zoek naar signalen van veiligheid of gevaar. Dat doet het niet alleen via zicht of reuk, maar ook via geluid. Porges noemt dit <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/neuroceptie">neuroceptie</a>: een onbewuste scanning van de omgeving. Sterker nog: geluid (&#8220;akoestische stimuli&#8221;) schijnt voor een veilige neuroceptie van heel groot belang te zijn.</p><p>Als sociale zoogdieren zijn we specifiek gevoelig voor vocale signalen in een bepaald frequentiebereik; het bereik van de menselijke stem, van zogenaamd prosodische, melodieuze communicatie. Wanneer ons zenuwstelsel dergelijke geluiden oppikt, interpreteert het dat als een signaal van veiligheid. Het ventrale vagale systeem &#8211; het systeem dat sociale verbinding en ontspanning mogelijk maakt &#8211; komt online.</p><p>Pentatone muziek past opmerkelijk goed in dit plaatje. De zachte, harmonieuze intervallen, de afwezigheid van scherpe dissonanten, het ritmische en melodieuze karakter, het zijn precies de kenmerken die ons zenuwstelsel als &#8216;veilig&#8217; herkent. </p><p>En er is meer. Wanneer mensen samen muziek maken &#8211; en zeker wanneer ze samen zingen &#8211; synchroniseren niet alleen hun stemmen, maar ook hun fysiologie. Hartritme, ademhaling en zelfs autonome activering gaan in de richting van gelijkschakeling. Co-regulatie via klank. Precies wat je in die zaal bij McFerrin hoort: een heel publiek dat zonder oefening samen iets moois neerzet en hoorbaar geniet.</p><h2>Meer dan 99,99% gelijk</h2><p>We zijn genetisch voor 99,99% gelijk aan elkaar. We hebben allemaal een brein dat min of meer hetzelfde werkt. En we hebben, zo suggereert McFerrins experiment, misschien ook een gedeelde muzikale intu&#239;tie die cultuur, taal en tijd overstijgt.</p><p>Dat is een mooie gedachte en het raakt aan iets fundamenteels: muziek is geen luxe, geen bijzaak. Nee, het is een van de oudste en krachtigste middelen die mensen hebben om zich tot elkaar te verhouden, om samen te reguleren, om veiligheid te signaleren en te ontvangen.</p><p><em>Misschien onderschatten we het belang van muziek voor ons welzijn. In het onderwijs, in de zorg, in ons dagelijks leven. Terwijl het antwoord blijkbaar eenvoudiger is dan we denken: vijf tonen, een zaal vol vreemden, en de herkenning dat we, diep van binnen, hetzelfde zijn.</em></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Als je dit artikel lezenswaardig vond en (nog) geen betaald abonnement wilt, mag je me ook ondersteunen door me te trakteren op een cappuccino!</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/ronalddecaluwe"><span>OK, haal maar een cappuccino dan!</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Een mooie quote van Leonard Bernstein: &#8220;The universality of this scale is so well known that I&#8217;m sure you could give me examples of it from all corners of the earth&#8212;from Scotland, from China, from Africa, from American Indian cultures, from East Indian cultures, from Central and South America, Australia, Finland... that is a true musico-linguistic universal.&#8221;</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Bridge Between Nothingness and Therapy]]></title><description><![CDATA[The challenge for coaches is therefore not determining what to say or do, but rather how to be present. Am I regulated? Can I relate to the tension without taking it over, without pushing, without avoiding it?]]></description><link>https://www.relaxmore.net/p/the-bridge-between-nothingness-and-therapy</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.relaxmore.net/p/the-bridge-between-nothingness-and-therapy</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ronald de Caluwé]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 11:38:23 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4ItN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4ItN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4ItN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4ItN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4ItN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4ItN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4ItN!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg" width="1200" height="857.967032967033" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1041,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:1514148,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/174152121?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4ItN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4ItN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4ItN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4ItN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6aa3f30f-ef34-4eeb-8723-fcb14196d175_3871x2768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Foto: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@oplattner?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Oliver Plattner</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/golden-gate-bridge-in-san-francisco-Plt0vHDRb9U?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>Foreword</h2><p>The article below was recently published in the <a href="https://www.lvsc.eu/professionele-groei/tijdschrift-voor-begeleidingskunde">Tijdschrift voor Begeleidingskunde</a> (Journal of Guidance Studies), issued by the <a href="https://www.lvsc.eu/">Dutch National Association for Supervision and Coaching</a> (LVSC). I wrote it together with <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ceesvanelst/">Cees van Elst</a>.</p><p>In the course of writing the article, Cees and I decided to develop a <strong>Master Class: Polyvagal-Informed Guidance in Coaching Practice</strong>. You can read more about this <strong><a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaal-geinformeerd-coachen">on this page</a></strong>.</p><p>Our thanks go to the LVSC for the opportunity, and our compliments to them for their excellent and substantively rich journal&#8212;well worth reading for professional supervisors and coaches!&#8212;and to Cees for the enjoyable collaboration.</p><p>For the purposes of this English translation, we have revised and improved the original article in a number of places.</p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E3kQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a05676c-4d8c-4454-af87-60ce67bf379b_3088x2320.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E3kQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a05676c-4d8c-4454-af87-60ce67bf379b_3088x2320.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E3kQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a05676c-4d8c-4454-af87-60ce67bf379b_3088x2320.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E3kQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a05676c-4d8c-4454-af87-60ce67bf379b_3088x2320.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E3kQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a05676c-4d8c-4454-af87-60ce67bf379b_3088x2320.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E3kQ!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a05676c-4d8c-4454-af87-60ce67bf379b_3088x2320.jpeg" width="1200" height="901.6483516483516" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7a05676c-4d8c-4454-af87-60ce67bf379b_3088x2320.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1094,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:1111591,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.relaxmore.net/i/174152121?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a05676c-4d8c-4454-af87-60ce67bf379b_3088x2320.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E3kQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a05676c-4d8c-4454-af87-60ce67bf379b_3088x2320.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E3kQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a05676c-4d8c-4454-af87-60ce67bf379b_3088x2320.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E3kQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a05676c-4d8c-4454-af87-60ce67bf379b_3088x2320.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E3kQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a05676c-4d8c-4454-af87-60ce67bf379b_3088x2320.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The original Dutch article</figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>Polyvagal theory offers tools for working in a trauma-informed and process-oriented way, without taking the therapist&#8217;s seat. Coaches use knowledge of the nervous system to create a neurobiologically safe environment by centering self- and co-regulation rather than the coachee&#8217;s narrative. In this way, they naturally deal professionally with themes that involve insecurity.</strong></p><p>The society in which we work is a performance-oriented, malleable society. The message is often, If things are not going well, something needs to be fixed (Schinkel, 2020). Pain, loss, disruption, and doubt are quickly medicalized (Trappenburg, 2021). Therapy and diagnoses are lurking, while many people do not actually need therapy but space and recognition. They are seeking a place where their experience can settle and slowly begin to move. In our practice as professional counselors, we increasingly see people who, from a medical perspective, appear to be &#8216;fine&#8217; but who still do not feel free. They feel tired, tense, listless, or overwhelmed. They are not sure what is wrong, only that something appears to be wrong. And what about us as coaches or counselors? We sometimes have doubts too. Is this trauma? Is it burnout? Is it overwhelm? Should I refer them or stay? And if I stay, what can I &#8216;do&#8217; with a person who is clearly not feeling well and where trauma may be playing a role?</p><p>We assume that many coaches know what to do: let them tell their story and offer &#8216;holding space&#8217; in which the coachee feels safe, heard, and not judged (Plett, 2015). We assume that many coaches then also want to help coachees make sense of and fix their story. After all, that is often the request for help and the appeal: &#8216;Help me, I want to get rid of something; how do I do that? And where does it come from?&#8217; In short, we start with the coachee&#8217;s story and too quickly descend into the psychological recesses of the soul, even though that is not our professional role. What if we were to involve physiology and unconscious bodily processes more consciously in our sessions?</p><p>In this article, we explore what coaches can achieve with physiological knowledge of polyvagal theory (Porges, 2011). In practice, this model has proven to be a workable framework that grounds our interventions. It has its origins in neuroscience and was initially applied mainly within trauma and psychotherapy practices (Porges, 2011; Dana, 2018). The theory provides language, insight, and scope for action in relation to what we sometimes already intuitively sense. We do not present ourselves as scientists but as practitioners. We explore how polyvagal theory can help professional counselors be present with their clients with greater confidence, gentleness, and somatic awareness. Because when viewed through a polyvagal lens, the question is not what happened, but what is happening here and now&#8212;in the body, in the space, in the relationship (Dana, 2020). The key question we are exploring is: how can a polyvagal-informed coach contribute to recovery, self-regulation, and meaningful movement&#8212;without it becoming therapy?</p><h2>Polyvagal theory at a glance&#8212;a physical lens on human experience</h2><p>Those who guide people always work with the body, even when the conversation remains entirely verbal. Polyvagal Theory (PVT), developed by psychologist and neuroscientist Stephen Porges (2011), offers an innovative and body-oriented perspective on how the autonomic nervous system constantly scans the world for safety and danger. More importantly, it shows how these unconscious processes determine what a person feels and thinks and how they behave. The theory does not provide counsellors with diagnoses, but rather a lens through which to understand behaviour and experience via the state of the nervous system.</p><h3>Three Functional Systems</h3><p>The autonomic nervous system (ANS) independently regulates those things that we do not need to use our minds for, such as body temperature, heart rate, breathing, digestion, pupil size, and other automatic processes that are vital to life. The ANS consists of the sympathetic part (activating, like a &#8216;gas pedal&#8217;) and the parasympathetic part (calming, like a &#8216;brake&#8217;). Examples include an accelerated heart rate during stress (sympathetic) and a slowed heart rate during relaxation (parasympathetic) (Bear, 2020).</p><p>Porges adds an extra layer to this in his polyvagal theory: he describes the ANS not as two, but as three functional systems that are organized hierarchically, based on evolutionary age. In response to unconscious assessments of (un)safety, the ANS shifts between three primary states (Porges, 2011; Dana, 2020):</p><ol><li><p><strong>Ventral vagal system</strong>: the evolutionarily youngest system, which focuses on social engagement and connection. This system becomes active when safety is experienced. People feel calm, connected, curious, and capable of social contact. In this state, they can reflect, play, learn, attune, and recover. When there is a mild threat&#8212;for example, someone looks angry after a comment&#8212;the ventral system can help prevent escalation by sending additional signals of connection and safety.</p></li><li><p><strong>Sympathetic system</strong>: is older than the ventral part and comes to the fore in the event of threat or stress. The body prepares itself to fight or flee. People become alert, tense, angry, or anxious. Their focus narrows, and their connection with others diminishes. Even when safe, the sympathetic system can be activated. This creates sympathetic activation combined with connection, as we see in sports, play, and engaged work.</p></li><li><p><strong>Dorsal vagal system</strong>: the oldest system. It becomes active when fighting or fleeing is no longer possible. This system switches to immobilization or freezing. People feel numb, withdrawn, powerless, or dissociative. In extreme forms, this leads to depressive or dissociative states (Dana, 2020). In safety, this system regulates our basic homeostatic processes, such as digestion and metabolism, and plays a vital role in our health.</p></li></ol><p>This classification is often represented as an &#8216;autonomic ladder&#8217; (Dana, 2020). We automatically move up and down this ladder continually throughout the day, depending on what the body registers as safety or threat. Although the ladder is widely used, it has shortcomings, just like any model. We have chosen to use an autonomic mixing panel as a metaphor for the three autonomic states (de Caluw&#233; 2025).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!USuG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fb6bd-a0ed-481a-bd0c-5da2638bf79f_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!USuG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fb6bd-a0ed-481a-bd0c-5da2638bf79f_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!USuG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fb6bd-a0ed-481a-bd0c-5da2638bf79f_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!USuG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fb6bd-a0ed-481a-bd0c-5da2638bf79f_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!USuG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fb6bd-a0ed-481a-bd0c-5da2638bf79f_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!USuG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fb6bd-a0ed-481a-bd0c-5da2638bf79f_1024x1024.jpeg" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ec7fb6bd-a0ed-481a-bd0c-5da2638bf79f_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!USuG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fb6bd-a0ed-481a-bd0c-5da2638bf79f_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!USuG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fb6bd-a0ed-481a-bd0c-5da2638bf79f_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!USuG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fb6bd-a0ed-481a-bd0c-5da2638bf79f_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!USuG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fb6bd-a0ed-481a-bd0c-5da2638bf79f_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Figure 1: The Polyvagal Mixing Panel, &#169; 2025 Relax More</figcaption></figure></div><h2>Neuroception</h2><p>The detection of safety or threat occurs outside of conscious awareness. Porges introduced the term &#8216;neuroception&#8217; for this: an automatic and non-cognitive process in which the nervous system continuously scans signals from the body (interoception), the environment (exteroception) and interactions with others (co-regulation) (Porges, 2004). This process occurs in the oldest brain structures, though the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Neuroception determines whether a situation is perceived as safe or unsafe, even before thoughts or interpretations arise. </p><p>Voice use (prosody), facial expression, body posture and movement, the layout of a room (including its scent), and signals from the body can influence this assessment (Dana, 2018). You can think of neuroception as the hand that operates the autonomic mixing panel.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIgr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c54d4d1-838d-4a56-b3bd-b6f2d6f4dbfe_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIgr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c54d4d1-838d-4a56-b3bd-b6f2d6f4dbfe_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIgr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c54d4d1-838d-4a56-b3bd-b6f2d6f4dbfe_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIgr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c54d4d1-838d-4a56-b3bd-b6f2d6f4dbfe_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIgr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c54d4d1-838d-4a56-b3bd-b6f2d6f4dbfe_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIgr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c54d4d1-838d-4a56-b3bd-b6f2d6f4dbfe_1024x1024.jpeg" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6c54d4d1-838d-4a56-b3bd-b6f2d6f4dbfe_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIgr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c54d4d1-838d-4a56-b3bd-b6f2d6f4dbfe_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIgr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c54d4d1-838d-4a56-b3bd-b6f2d6f4dbfe_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIgr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c54d4d1-838d-4a56-b3bd-b6f2d6f4dbfe_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIgr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c54d4d1-838d-4a56-b3bd-b6f2d6f4dbfe_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Figure 2: Neuroception operates the Polyvagal Mixing Panel, &#169; 2025 Relax More</figcaption></figure></div><p>Our knowledge of neuroception provides coaches with a crucial tool for influencing autonomic states in their professional practice. This allows us to shift from psychological understanding to physiological comprehension.</p><p>Our bodies exist in an era for which they were not designed. Our nervous system and stress system are still the same as they were some 300,000 years ago. However, the amount of stress and stimuli has increased exponentially. Our &#8216;ancient&#8217; stress system is unable to distinguish between physical danger (a sabre-toothed tiger chasing us) and psychological threat (a client sending a critical email).</p><p>A neuroception of unsafety increases the likelihood that our ventral vagus will be less active than &#8216;normal&#8217;&#8212;or more accurately, than what is natural and healthy. People with reduced ventral vagal tone experience diminished connection with others and have limited access to positive feelings, including (self-)compassion. Their learning ability also decreases.</p><h3>Co-Regulation</h3><p>Co-regulation is the effect of interpersonal interaction on the capacity to regulate one&#8217;s physiological state (bodily sensations and emotions). All relationships involving connection revolve around co-regulation. We learn to co-regulate in our early years, with the help of well-regulated parents or carers. Co-regulation is not a luxury; it is a biological requirement for our survival.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mpPZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52ac985c-6e76-4c2e-bca8-897ab3859c3e_1536x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mpPZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52ac985c-6e76-4c2e-bca8-897ab3859c3e_1536x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mpPZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52ac985c-6e76-4c2e-bca8-897ab3859c3e_1536x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mpPZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52ac985c-6e76-4c2e-bca8-897ab3859c3e_1536x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mpPZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52ac985c-6e76-4c2e-bca8-897ab3859c3e_1536x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mpPZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52ac985c-6e76-4c2e-bca8-897ab3859c3e_1536x1024.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/52ac985c-6e76-4c2e-bca8-897ab3859c3e_1536x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Afbeelding met tekst, kleding, Menselijk gezicht, persoon\n\nDoor AI gegenereerde inhoud is mogelijk onjuist.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Afbeelding met tekst, kleding, Menselijk gezicht, persoon

Door AI gegenereerde inhoud is mogelijk onjuist." title="Afbeelding met tekst, kleding, Menselijk gezicht, persoon

Door AI gegenereerde inhoud is mogelijk onjuist." srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mpPZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52ac985c-6e76-4c2e-bca8-897ab3859c3e_1536x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mpPZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52ac985c-6e76-4c2e-bca8-897ab3859c3e_1536x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mpPZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52ac985c-6e76-4c2e-bca8-897ab3859c3e_1536x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mpPZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52ac985c-6e76-4c2e-bca8-897ab3859c3e_1536x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Figure 3: Co-regulation</figcaption></figure></div><p>The need for human contact varies from person to person, but no one can do without it. People who claim they don&#8217;t need others likely live with a chronically activated nervous system. </p><p>As a coach or counselor, co-regulation means that you yourself serve as a regulatory instrument. Your tone, posture, speech, pace, and presence influence the state of your coachee&#8217;s nervous system and vice versa. Whether you invite connection or unintentionally evoke threat is largely registered somatically&#8212;not through rational reasoning. </p><p>If polyvagal theory can explain much of our behavior based on the functioning of the autonomic nervous system, then the theory is also relevant for coaches. For coaches, PVT-informed work means being consciously present with what emerges in the body and in the relationship, without analyzing or attempting to solve it. Because the nervous system does not want to be understood, it wants to be felt and encountered (Van der Kolk, 2014).</p><h2>Example 1: Checking in</h2><blockquote><p><em>Marjan enters the practice hurriedly, her face red. &#8220;Phew, almost late,&#8221; she gasps, and sits down. &#8220;But I&#8217;m here!&#8221; She immediately begins her story about recent events. The coach notices that the coachee has clearly not yet landed (sympathetically activated) and indicates that it is important to check in first. &#8220;Breathe calmly and focus on your breathing.&#8221; Meanwhile, he counts her respiratory rate and notices it decreasing from 20 to 12 breaths per minute. He asks, &#8220;Are you more grounded now?&#8221; &#8220;Yes,&#8221; she says immediately. &#8220;Okay, Marjan, what do you want to talk about today?&#8221; Marjan immediately launches into her story.</em></p></blockquote><p>In the above example, a lot seems to be going well. The coach notices the sympathetic activation (which was almost impossible to miss) and intervenes to help the coachee regulate so that the session time can be used effectively. However, signs suggest that Marjan remains sympathetically activated. The tone of her &#8220;Yes&#8221; is hurried, and she gets straight to the point. Activation to this degree means that the ventral part of the coachee&#8217;s autonomic nervous system may still be insufficiently active, preventing optimal connection and openness. That does not mean that the session cannot be valuable, but from a polyvagal perspective, a different start to the session would have been possible (please be patient; you are almost at example 2).</p><h2>Applying polyvagal theory in a coaching session</h2><p>Rather than responding immediately to the narrative content (&#8217;what happened?&#8217;), PVT invites us to first attune to the coachee&#8217;s physiological state (&#8217;what is the current setting of this person&#8217;s autonomic mixing panel?&#8217;). From this perspective, it becomes clear why one coachee talks actively and urgently (sympathetic activation), while another barely makes contact and appears absent (dorsal activation). Or why someone calms down when you, as coach, simply remain fully present without &#8216;doing&#8217; anything (ventral regulation through co-regulation). What matters is that the coach offers connection without forcing the other person to connect as well. Any pressure on a trust-building process&#8212;which coaching fundamentally is&#8212;proves counterproductive. After all: if genuine trust exists, why would such pressure be needed? The coachee&#8217;s nervous system is often sensitive to this, especially in cases of trauma. The coachee might say something like, &#8216;I&#8217;m not very talkative today.&#8217; However, this may be a rationalized explanation for an unsafe neuroception that arose because the coach unconsciously pressured the coachee. This can occur when the coach over-directs or absorbs the coachee&#8217;s arousal.</p><h3>Slowing Down and Bearing With</h3><p>The necessity of <em>embodiment</em> in the coach is therefore a key practical implication of PVT. In other words, as a coach, you are present not only cognitively but primarily through your body, breath, facial expressions, voice, and nervous system. You remain aware of your own state&#8212;even if slightly activated&#8212;provided you can ground yourself in it and slow down. Only a regulated nervous system can provide safety to another (Siegel, 2010).</p><p><em>Slowing down and bearing with</em> are key concepts here: slowing down to notice what is happening somatically and bearing with to remain present with the other&#8217;s tension or discomfort without attempting to resolve it. This requires an attitude of &#8216;mutual inquiry&#8217; (Epstein, 1999): exploring together, with curiosity, what the body is communicating, without judgment. &#8216;Mutual&#8217; also implies &#8216;equal&#8217;&#8212;the coach need not have answers and must be able to abide in &#8216;not-knowing.&#8217; Now we enter the &#8216;magical&#8217; field where space can open, insights emerge, and discoveries unfold.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RO4D!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4ce256-0a3c-4908-8396-2f0f88e7809f_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RO4D!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4ce256-0a3c-4908-8396-2f0f88e7809f_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RO4D!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4ce256-0a3c-4908-8396-2f0f88e7809f_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RO4D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4ce256-0a3c-4908-8396-2f0f88e7809f_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RO4D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4ce256-0a3c-4908-8396-2f0f88e7809f_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RO4D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4ce256-0a3c-4908-8396-2f0f88e7809f_1024x1024.jpeg" width="475" height="475" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ab4ce256-0a3c-4908-8396-2f0f88e7809f_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:475,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Afbeelding met tekening, boom, schets, verven\n\nDoor AI gegenereerde inhoud is mogelijk onjuist.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Afbeelding met tekening, boom, schets, verven

Door AI gegenereerde inhoud is mogelijk onjuist." title="Afbeelding met tekening, boom, schets, verven

Door AI gegenereerde inhoud is mogelijk onjuist." srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RO4D!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4ce256-0a3c-4908-8396-2f0f88e7809f_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RO4D!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4ce256-0a3c-4908-8396-2f0f88e7809f_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RO4D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4ce256-0a3c-4908-8396-2f0f88e7809f_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RO4D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4ce256-0a3c-4908-8396-2f0f88e7809f_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Figure 4: To-do list for Coaches</figcaption></figure></div><h3>&#8220;Shut Up and Be Present!&#8221;</h3><p>Co-regulation does not work through words, but through the relationship. The autonomic nervous system registers various safety signals that coaches can consciously employ. These include calm breathing, a warm vocal tone, and non-intrusive eye contact. This means that a simple coaching stance of silence and presence often proves more effective than any tool or technique (Dana, 2020).</p><p>The challenge for coaches is therefore not determining what to say or do, but rather how to be present. Am I regulated? Can I relate to the tension without taking it over, without pushing, without avoiding it?</p><h3>Self-Regulation</h3><p>Coaching from a polyvagal perspective means helping coachees recognize, normalize, and ultimately regulate their own autonomic responses. This requires coaches to develop somatic awareness, articulate physical sensations, and build experiential knowledge of &#8216;the mixing panel.&#8217; Not through explanation alone, but through embodied experience, slowing down, and self-regulation. Self-regulation begins with learning to recognize signals: &#8216;When do I notice myself drifting, withdrawing, or accelerating?&#8217; Co-regulation supports this process: through your attunement, presence, and calm, the other can re-experience safety. Only from that basis is reflection possible.</p><h2>Example 2: Co-regulation</h2><blockquote><p><em>Marjan enters the practice hurriedly, her face red. &#8220;Phew, almost late,&#8221; she pants, and sits down. &#8220;But I&#8217;m here!&#8221; She immediately starts telling her story about recent events. The coach notices that the coachee has clearly not yet settled down (sympathetic activation) and also notices that this is affecting him; he experiences a restlessness that was not there a moment ago. He allows Marjan time to check in and breathe more calmly, then checks in with himself (slowing down). He consciously sits differently and breathes in and out calmly (slowing down, self-regulation). He notices himself calming down and can now look at Marjan with a gentle smile and &#8216;soft eyes&#8217;. Marjan says, &#8220;I&#8217;ve settled down now.&#8221; Nevertheless, he notices that Marjan still sits tensely, her eyes remain slightly widened, and her facial muscles appear somewhat &#8216;tight&#8217;. Moreover, her voice remains somewhat &#8216;elevated&#8217;, and her abdomen appears uninvolved in her breath. The activation has not really calmed down yet. &#8220;Okay,&#8221; says the coach, &#8220;I&#8217;m glad you feel you&#8217;ve settled, Marjan. How do you sense that in your body right now? Shall we explore that together?&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><p>In this encounter, the coach invites the coachee to become curious and inhabit the here-and-now without hurrying (slowing down). The here-and-now is essential for connection and increased ventral vagal activation. A sense of calm emerges, creating space to explore the coaching question. Neither coach nor coachee knows where this will lead. But if the coach trusts that the coachee will discover insights and perhaps even answers, movement will emerge, allowing them to explore the question together from within the connection.</p><h3>Traces of Trauma</h3><p>Most coaches are not therapists. Yet it is virtually impossible for coaches <em>not</em> to encounter trauma. This is not because everyone is severely traumatized, but because trauma, broadly defined, is inherent to being human. In this example we don&#8217;t know whether a trauma part of Marjan was triggered, but her sympathetic activation could be related to this. Coaches speak of wounds, losses, shame, blockages, or unexplained reactions. These often contain traces of trauma, even if they are not identified as such.</p><p>The polyvagal theory also provides insight here and makes it possible to approach these themes without pathologizing or treating them. The nervous system&#8217;s response translates into behavior and aims to manage the situation as adaptively as possible. If someone could have avoided the freeze response through different means, they certainly would have. We won&#8217;t elaborate on what trauma is precisely, but we want to share Gabor Mat&#233;&#8217;s insight: &#8216;Trauma is not what happens to you, but what happens to you as a result of what happens to you.&#8217;</p><p>In example 2, we see that the coach creates an atmosphere of safety and connection, even though he does not know exactly what the underlying triggering problem is. From this position of not knowing, the coach can still slow down together with the coachee and create space so that the sympathetic activation can decrease. And then the coachee enters an entirely different session than in example 1.</p><h3>Trauma-Sensitive Work</h3><p>In our experience, many coaches recoil from signs of possible trauma dynamics: inexplicable reactions, intense emotions, avoidance behavior, &#8216;checking out,&#8217; or freezing. Ien van der Pol wrote a clear guide for coaches on this topic: &#8216;I want the fear to disappear and for working with the effects of traumatic events to become more widely known among professional counsellors&#8217; (Van der Pol, 2020). Practice reveals that the danger lies not in trauma&#8217;s content, but in how we engage with it. Attempts to fix, probe deeply, or accelerate can prove dysregulating (Van der Kolk, 2014; Van Elst et al., 2022). Repair implies something needs fixing&#8212;that something is &#8216;wrong&#8217; with the coachee. In the ventral vagal state (calm, connection, and self-awareness, where nothing is &#8216;not-right&#8217;), both coach and coachee can welcome new perspectives and release old patterns (Dana, 2020).</p><p>A trauma-sensitive coach notices when the coachee becomes sympathetically or dorsally activated. The coach thus recognizes that the coachee&#8217;s autonomic nervous system detects something from the there-and-then in the here-and-now, triggering an unsafe neuroception and activating their survival mechanisms.</p><p>From a PVT-informed perspective, coaching focuses not on &#8216;repairing&#8217; or resolving trauma, but on strengthening capacity for self- and co-regulation (containment). It is a fundamental way of supporting people in rediscovering their own movement, with the body as compass and the relationship as bedrock.</p><h2>The coach as holding environment, not as solution machine</h2><p>As we&#8217;ve seen, presence itself is physiological information. Rather than fixating on story or analysis, lived experience itself becomes the anchor of the coaching journey. This aligns with the polyvagal approach, in which the coachee&#8217;s state&#8212;not their story&#8212;guides the work. Hence the principle: &#8216;Story follows state&#8217; (Porges, 2011).</p><p>This way of coaching requires not only knowledge of the nervous system but also ongoing self-reflection. The examples reveal how coaches can sometimes get swept up in their own survival responses: fixing, avoiding, over-regulating, and filling in gaps. Coaches can only provide a safe bedrock if they know themselves and can access their own ventral state. Professional coaches therefore work in trauma-informed and process-oriented ways but do not process trauma unless specifically trained to do so. Concretely, this means that training programs for professional coaches must invest not only in methodology but also in:</p><ul><li><p>(Neuro)physiological knowledge;</p></li><li><p>Somatic awareness and interoception;</p></li><li><p>Self-regulation skills;</p></li><li><p>Knowledge of trauma responses;</p></li><li><p>Creating space for trauma-sensitive reflection;</p></li><li><p>Embodied learning, not just theoretical knowledge.</p></li></ul><p>Fortunately, several such training programs in the Netherlands are recognized by the LVSC (Dutch National Association for Supervision and Coaching). </p><p>In a world where stress, burnout, and disconnection seem more the rule than the exception, coaching has become an in-between practice. Not therapy, not nothing, but something that moves in the space between. It is precisely in this space that polyvagal theory offers a workable lens: a way of seeing people that requires not diagnosis, but presence. This enables us to work with people who might otherwise benefit from therapy.</p><h3>Key Element</h3><p>When coaching people, you always work with the autonomic nervous system&#8212;whether aware of it or not. That is the central conclusion of this article. PVT-informed coaching means not treating trauma but learning to recognize someone&#8217;s autonomic state and how to offer safety at the nervous system level. This demands a fundamental shift in coaching practice:</p><ul><li><p><strong>From analyzing to attuning</strong>: story follows state, not the reverse.</p></li><li><p><strong>From solving to regulating</strong>: you need not fix anything but must be able to hold and bear with it.</p></li><li><p><strong>From method to humanity:</strong> your presence is often your most powerful instrument.</p></li></ul><p>Especially in our current era, when existential discomfort is often medicalized, coaches need language for life&#8217;s inherent pain, whether large or small. Language that normalizes rather than pathologizes. Polyvagal theory offers such language: practical, somatic, and relational. In this article, we have shown what that can look like. Coaches who work in a PVT-informed way:</p><ol><li><p>Recognize signs of autonomic activation;</p></li><li><p>Can slow down rather than speed up;</p></li><li><p>Can remain present without &#8216;doing&#8217;;</p></li><li><p>Create space where regulation and healing can emerge, without directing.</p></li></ol><p>These four capacities can be trained but demand an integrated, embodied foundational stance. The key lies in the coach&#8217;s fundamental trust that open exploration of an issue or question offers the greatest possibility for a fruitful session. In our view, coaches need more training in stress and autonomic nervous system physiology, self-awareness to recognize their own signs of autonomic activation, and supervision grounded in PVT-informed practice.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>The authors will offer several masterclasses on &#8216;<a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaal-geinformeerd-coachen">Polyvagal-informed and embodied coaching</a>&#8217; in 2026. </strong></h3><p><strong>More information is available at <a href="https://www.relaxmore.net/p/polyvagaal-geinformeerd-coachen">www.relaxmore.net</a> and <a href="https://heartfulatwork.nl/masterclass-polyvagaal/">www.heartfulatwork.nl</a>.</strong></p><p>You can download a PDF of the article:</p><div class="file-embed-wrapper" data-component-name="FileToDOM"><div class="file-embed-container-reader"><div class="file-embed-container-top"><image class="file-embed-thumbnail-default" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Cy0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Fattachment_icon.svg"></image><div class="file-embed-details"><div class="file-embed-details-h1">The Bridge Between Nothingness And Therapy - De Caluwe and Van Elst</div><div class="file-embed-details-h2">1.91MB &#8729; PDF file</div></div><a class="file-embed-button wide" href="https://www.relaxmore.net/api/v1/file/999ec523-d79f-4db8-b55a-f498d463d05d.pdf"><span class="file-embed-button-text">Download</span></a></div><a class="file-embed-button narrow" href="https://www.relaxmore.net/api/v1/file/999ec523-d79f-4db8-b55a-f498d463d05d.pdf"><span class="file-embed-button-text">Download</span></a></div></div><div><hr></div><h2>Authors:</h2><p><strong>Ronald de Caluw&#233;</strong> (1963) engages in compassionate bodywork through mindfulness, tai chi, and qigong. He is fascinated by polyvagal theory, writes about it regularly, and is a board member of the Dutch Polyvagal Institute. Website: <a href="http://www.relaxmore.net">www.relaxmore.net</a>. Email: <a href="mailto:ronald@relaxmore.net">ronald@relaxmore.net</a>.</p><p><strong>Cees van Elst</strong> (1962) is an LVSC-registered coach working for the Academy for Medical Specialists. He is the owner of &#8216;HeartfulAtWork Coaching &amp; Consultancy&#8217; and a board member of the Dutch Polyvagal Institute. Website: <a href="http://www.heartfulatwork.nl">www.heartfulatwork.nl</a>. Email: <a href="mailto:cees.van.elst@heartfulatwork.nl">cees.van.elst@heartfulatwork.nl</a>.</p><div><hr></div><h2>References:</h2><p>Bear, M. F., Connors, B. W., &amp; Paradiso, M. A. (2020). <em>Neuro-science: Exploring the Brain</em> (4e editie). Wolters Kluwer.</p><p>Dana, D. (2018). <em>The polyvagal theory in therapy: Engaging the rhythm of regulation</em>. W. W. Norton &amp; Company.</p><p>Dana, D. (2020). <em>De polyvagaaltheorie in therapie: Het ritme van regulatie</em>. [The polyvagal theory in therapy: Engaging the rythm of regulation]. Mens!</p><p>De Caluw&#233;, R. (2025). <em>Een nieuwe samenvatting van de polyvagaaltheorie.</em> [A New Overview of Polyvagal Theory]. Online: https://www.relaxmore.net/p/een-nieuwe-samenvatting-van-de-polyvagaaltheorie.</p><p>Epstein, R. M. (1999). <em>Mindful practice</em>. JAMA, 282(9), 833&#8211;839.</p><p>Grossman, P., &amp; Taylor, E. W. (2007). <em>Toward understanding respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Relations to cardiac vagal tone, evolution and biobehavioral functions</em>. Biological Psychology, 74(2), 263&#8211;285.</p><p>Plett, H., Smit, M. &amp; Elstak, P. (2021) <em>De kunst van Holding Space: Lessen in liefde, loslaten en leiderschap</em>. [The art of Holding Space: lessons in love, letting go and leadership]. Het Noorderlicht.</p><p>Porges, S. W. (2004). <em>Neuroception: A subconscious system for detecting threats and safety</em>. Zero to Three, 24(5), 19&#8211;24.</p><p>Porges, S. W. (2011). <em>The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and selfregulation</em>. W. W. Norton &amp; Company.</p><p>Schinkel, W. (2020). <em>De nieuwe democratie: Naar andere vormen van politiek</em>. [The new democracy:towards alternative forms of politics]. Boom.</p><p>Siegel, D. J. (2010). <em>The mindful therapist: A clinician&#8217;s guide to mind-sight and neural integration.</em> W. W. Norton &amp; Company.</p><p>Trappenburg, M. (2021). <em>De zorgval</em>. [The healtcare trap]. Boom.</p><p>Van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.</p><p>Van der Pol, I. G. M. (2020). Coachen waar het pijn doet: Werken met trauma in coaching en begeleiding. [Coaching where it hurts: working with trauma in coaching and guidance]. SWP.</p><p>Van Elst, C., Van Rijssel, M., &amp; Smit, L. (2022). <em>Van vermijding naar bevrijding: Drie coachingswegen naar Zijn</em>. [From avoidance to liberation: three coaching pathways toward embodied Presence]. Samsara.</p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>